The Kernel Of Roman Society - 1258 Words

Rosemaria Varghese HUMA 4312 Critical Paper II Paterfamilias: the Kernel of Roman society Introduction In the Latin epic poem The Aeneid, the legendary poet Virgil presented various central moral principles that the Roman civilization fostered and adhered during his epoch. However, the discernible emphasis that Virgil placed on the relationships of fathers and sons highlights the underlying signification that these relationships became the genesis of Roman society. Virgil cogently rendered multifaceted father-son relationships that the Roman society upheld by exhibiting how Aeneas endures as the progenitor to the diasporic Trojan populace, how two princes demise for their fathers’ ideals, and how astute fathers applaud and condemn from beyond the grave. Patriarch for his people Primarily, Virgil revealed Aeneas, the protagonist of The Aeneid, as a loving father to his son Ascanius, and a dutiful patriarch to the disbanded Trojans. Firstly, Virgil depicts Aeneas as an affectionate â€Å"father Aeneas† and â€Å"fond father, always thoughtful of his son† (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 877-881). The paternal responsibility Aeneas have for his son later magnifies not only towards the exiled Trojans under his care, but also to the whole Roman civilization to come. In the beginning of Book I, Aeneas emerges as a fugitive captain driven by destiny, and a man devoted to his mission to find a city for his gods and his people (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 5-16). The destiny that Aeneas is toShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts1473 Words   |  6 Pageswere a result of the strict Puritan society, which was actually primarily untrue. The Salem Witch Trials were not enacted as a result of Puritanism, but rath er as a result of circumstance surrounding Rye. At the surface, the Salem Witch Trials appear to have resulted from the conformist nature of the predominantly Puritan New England society. The Puritans emigrated over to what is now New England, mainly during the â€Å"Great Migration† of the 1630’s. Their society prospered largely due to their homogenousRead More Modernist Movement in Fords Good Soldier and Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway1625 Words   |  7 Pagesitself, heading toward disaster† (53). Even while the quartet is falling apart, however, they still put on the proverbial brave face and, to all outward appearances, are just fine. This can be applied to the world at large. Ford also exposes the evil kernel within the hearts of mankind. To others, these are â€Å"good people,† but they hold a core of blackness inside. Moving from the dissection of Dowells unreliable narration and the novel as a macrocosm of the world at large, a later critic choseRead MoreFashion Evolution of Clothing in Sri Lanka over the Centuries2125 Words   |  9 Pagesdry. They made the clothes by cutting hides ii to desire shapes making holes for the head and arms and draping round the body. 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Interestingly, as in modern times, ancient peoples and civilizations had varying opinions of gambling. Some ignored it, some outlawed it, and some accepted it. DespiteRead MoreMarxs Historical Materialism2283 Words   |  10 Pagesbelieved that it was the material world or the mode of production which determi nes the consciousness of men the ‘social, political, and spiritual processes of life. According to him, the mode of production, which refers to the productive forces of society as well as the relations of production; is not simply the reproduction of physical existence, but a definite mode of life. What individuals are, ‘coincides with their production, with what they produce and with how they produce it. The economic structureRead MoreMother Teres The Spiritual Leader2387 Words   |  10 Pagesdistributed food and clothing to the unfortunate and deprived. These practices, united with her holy learning, headed her to adopt, to become a nun and work with the poor at a young age of twelve (Parks). As a beginning she went to a sodality, a Roman Catholic association, where she established her concern in external missionary effort. Over this group, she cultured a group of Catholic missionaries functioning in India. Agnes had discovered what she wanted to do. I had a aptitude to aid the poorRead MoreThe Japanese Avant Garde Fashion2099 Words   |  9 Pagesof the pieces are standardized† (English 4). Based on making Tatami idea, Japanese people made Kimonos. Furthermore, they were first inspired by their own architectural form and also added some other different country’s cultural components such as Roman toga in their art later. They considered putting not only their cultural component, but also others, and create their own unique art. Each country, and each culture, has its different style of using garments in their fashion. 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The Blanket Primary in Louisiana - 1115 Words

The Blanket Primary in Louisiana The Blanket Primary in Louisiana is â€Å"unique primary system†. The Blanket Primary is also known as a â€Å"Jungle† Primary in Partisan elections. The reason it’s called a blanket primary is because the party affiliation is not mentioned on the ballot. The winner of the primary is the candidate who has the majority of the vote. If two candidates have the majority of the vote, they run against each other in a run off regardless of their party affiliation. In Louisiana, there is a possibility that a Republican can run against another Republican if two Republicans happen to have the majority of the vote. The blanket primary was established by Governor Edwin Edwards in the 1980’s. Governor Edwards was a†¦show more content†¦Citizens say all the time that we need to get out of debt, but they do not vote for the parties who have the strongest focus on lowering the National Debt and limiting government spending, instead they vote Republican because t hey don’t want gays to get married, or the vote Democrat because they agree that women should be able to get abortions and have more rights. A lot of times, these issues don’t even affect the voter personally, yet they hold these issues on high regard simply because of the hysteria we have created around them. I compare the 2 party affiliations with Diamonds. Diamonds are not rare. They are actually very common and are being mined in different countries outside of Africa. Why are they so expensive? Because advertising agencies paid for by the Diamond distributors created such hype that now it is a tradition for American women to have a diamond wedding ring. In the past ten years, they start advertising â€Å"the left is from him, the right hand is for me† meaning women should buy a diamond ring for her right ring finger to show her strength and independence. Our opinions are molded by the media and politicians that hire speech writers that know how to work up a crowd. Republicans get all the conservative votes becauseShow MoreRelatedWorld War II to the Gulf War by Stephen E. Ambrose1667 Words   |  7 Pagestaught several history classes at various locations such as the Naval War College, Kansas State University, and the University of New Orleans. He was born in Decatur, Illinois where he received a B.A. from the University of Wisconsin and M.A from Louisiana State University. This ninth version of Rise to Globalism was updated and upgraded by Douglas Brinkley, a more youthful teacher of History at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Douglas Brinkley was conceived in 1960, and is the writer of a lot ofRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdeclined to the level at which it is today, at just around 60% (US Death Penalty). At around this time, in 2000, Patrick Kennedy raped his stepdaughter, who was eight years old, and was given the death penalty by a Louisiana court. As a result, Kennedy appealed the ruling to the Louisiana Supreme Court, where the previous ruling was affirmed, mentioning that though in a previous case, the Supreme Court had ruled that rape could not be punishable by death, in the case of a child, the ruling did notRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Old West Impacted And Changed2326 Words   |  10 Pagesfood and crops, disease, culture, animals, and ways to live. The settlers and Native Americans both influenced each other greatly, positively as well as negatively. President Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory from the French government for fifteen million dollars in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the Unites States and stretched from The Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans. Jefferson strongly believed that the key to a nation’sRead MoreHurricane Katrin The United States6790 Words   |  28 PagesHurricane Katrina allowed much more human suffering and property destruction to occur than should have. That is the sad and stunning fact’† (Shoup, 2005). Local officials accused FEMA of inadequate communication practices and lack of leadership. The Louisiana Governor complained saying, â€Å"’we wanted helicopters, food and water. They wanted to negotiate an organizational chart’† (Shoup, 2005). There were even â€Å"reports of FEMA turning down personnel and supplies offered by police forces and emergency crews†Read MoreHonest y in Politics3356 Words   |  14 Pageshis own downfall in the way he dealt with the crisis: with outright lies and half-truths. Because of his blatant dishonesty, he eventually had no choice but to resign, avoiding impeachment. As Craig Staats noted in TIME Magazine, â€Å"First there were blanket denials, lavish claims of executive privileges, and invocations of national security. Then came repeated clarifications, previous statements declared ‘inoperative,’ and multiple promises of full disclosure. Subpoenas were resisted. The Special ProsecutorRead More Human Rights Violations Against Children Essay3543 Words   |  15 Pagesencouraged to use coercive methods against criminal suspects in response to high levels of crime. In some cases, the purpose is to extract information, or to obtain a confession, true or false. In others, punishment and humiliation appear to be the primary aim. In many countries, the treatment received by minors detained in juvenile centers seriously endangers their health and well-being. In the United States there have been complaints stating that the juvenile centers staff has hit and kicked childrenRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States6683 Words   |  27 Pagesordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24. The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina s declaring of secession from the Union, which was described as increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery. the National Banking Act and the authorization of UnitedRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States8725 Words   |  35 Pagesordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24. The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina s declaring of secession from the Union, which was described as: While the declaration does argue that succession is justified on the grounds of federal encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, the grievancesRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pagesoff-post activities, including housing and public accommodations, which arbitrarily discriminate against members of the Army and their dependents? Off limits or off limits sanctions may be applied. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 6-8 / PDF 65) Who is the primary source for solving EO complaints? Your Unit Chain of Command (AR 600-20 June 2006 / D-1 / PDF 97) Page 17 / 389  © Copyright 1999-2012 ArmyStudyGuide.com Version 5.3 What is the Army s written policy on EO? The U.S. Army will provide EO andRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesresponsible for wisely investing in and effectively utilizing these information technologies for the benefit of their organizations. By the year 2000, more than half of capital expenditures by businesses in developed countries were for IT purchases. The primary objective of this textbook is to increase your knowledge about IT management so that as a manager you can effectively invest in and utilize new and already in-place information technologies. In the following chapters we will describe †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢

Cloning Essay Research Paper CloningIn the past free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Cloning In the past few old ages, the subject of cloning has been in the intelligence a batch. It is a really controversial issue, with many opposing point of views. While some find it acceptable, others object for spiritual grounds. A large concern is the possibility of maltreatment of this new engineering. One of the large inquiries is? Where will we halt? ? We may get down by merely experimenting and analyzing, but so what? Manufacturing human organic structures for trim parts? No 1 can be certain where it will halt. The Supreme tribunal says that everyone has the right to do their ain generative determinations without authorities intervention, but now it is suggesting prohibitions on human cloning. These prohibitions prevent the really research needed to do cloning safe ( Eibert ) . So, it seems that the authorities is non giving human cloning a opportunity. There are many benefits to cloning in the Fieldss of birthrate, organ grafts, and contending disease. Although there are many benefits, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on experimentation. Benefits One of the major benefits of cloning engineering is betterment in the field of birthrate. In vitro fertilisation merely has a success rate of about 10 % . To better effectivity, physicians could clone embryos, and the success rate could drastically increase ( Masci 413 ) . Another benefit in the field of birthrate is that parents unable to gestate of course, even with in vitro, or people excessively old to gestate, could still hold a genetically related kid ( Masci 413-414 ) . With cloning, egg and sperm would non be necessary for reproduction, because any organic structure cell would work ( Eibert ) . The ensuing offspring would really be a reproduction of one parent ( Masci 413-414 ) . Other benefits to utilizing cloning come in the field of contending disease. When cistrons are non in usage, they become hibernating. In order for cloning to take topographic point, all cistrons must be active. Detecting how cistrons are turned on and off could take to intervention for different malignant neoplastic diseases ( Masci 414 ) . Cloning could besides revolutionise the field of organ graft. Organs and bone marrow could be cloned and used for graft. Thousands of people die waiting for grafts, so this could salvage many lives. In add-on, the variety meats used in the graft could come from the same patient, cut downing the hazard of rejection by the organic structure ( Masci 414 ) . To handle bosom onslaught victims, physicians could clone healthy bosom cells and shoot them into damaged countries of the bosom ( Masci 415 ) . Nervousnesss and spinal cord could be grown, giving quadriplegics the ability to walk once more ( Human Cloning Foundation ) . One more benefit, harmonizing to Dr. Richard Seed, a leader in the push for human cloning, is that scientists may someday be able to change by reversal the aging procedure. Drawbacks There are besides many grounds non to clone. One statement is that it is non necessary degree Fahrenheit or bone marrow graft because bone marrow can already be harvested and grown in a dish ( Masci 415 ) . One drawback is the possibility of mutant. An unnatural babe could ensue from mutated cistrons ( Global Change.com ) . Another drawback is the possibility of emotional jobs. A ringer could hold a difficult clip set uping his or her individuality ( Global Change.com ) . Karen Rothenberg of the University of Maryland School of Law at Baltimore says that? While I feel alone if I have a twin sister, I do non if I have fifty or one hundred. I no longer understand myself as a creative activity, but as a transcript? ( Masci 413 ) . Rothenberg goes on to state that cloning would dispute? constructs basic to our humanness. ? She says that cloning would extinguish our demand for reproduction ( Masci 414 ) , which, in a sense, makes us less human. One spiritual statement against cloning is the idea of? Playing God. ? Munawar Ahmad Anees, an Islamic bookman, says that? The human organic structure is God? s belongings, non adult male? s research lab? ( Masci 414-415 ) . By this he means that we should non be experimenting with our organic structures the manner we do. He says that the organic structure should merely be reproduced by sexual reproduction ( Masci 414-415 ) . Conflicting Opinions There are many conflicting sentiments on the topic of cloning. Oppositions of cloning say that it is non natural, while the protagonists point out that neither is driving a computing machine, winging an aeroplane, or utilizing a computing machine. Many of our modern comfortss are non natural, but that does non needfully do them incorrect. Oppositions besides say that a ringer would hold no individualism, that it would be no more that a? C copy. ? Supporters argue that ringers would hold different personalities that were shaped by their environments and experiences ( Dunn ) . Despite the Advantages # 8230 ; There are many advantages to go oning experimentation in the field of human cloning. Progresss in birthrate could offer trust to people who are excessively old to gestate or who are unable to make so with in vitro fertilisation. If applied to organ transplant processs, this new engineering could salvage 1000s of lives every twelvemonth. Despite these advantages, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on researching this new scientific discipline. The human race has made it this far without cloning, and we will go on to last without it. Dunn, Douglas. ? Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www.wordwiz72.com/cloning.html* . Eibert, Mark. ? Human Cloning, Infertility, and Reproductive Freedom. ? Reason Magazine Online. 22 February 2000. *http: //www. reason.com/opeds/ eibert.html* . ? Human Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www. globalchange.com/clonetech. htm* . Masci, David. ? The Cloning Controversy. ? CQ Researcher. 1997 erectile dysfunction. ? The Benefits of Human Cloning. ? Human Cloning Foundation. 22 February 2000. *http: //www.humancloning.org/benefits.htm* .

Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management free essay sample

It has been suggested that any well designed safety program or system is only as effective as the day-to-day ability of everyone in the organisation to rigorously follow procedures correctly and safely every time This paper seeks to highlight the critical components of an OHSMS and demonstrate also how a well-designed OHSMS will address the day-to-day abilities of organisations personnel to follow safety procedures every day. Modern employments factors such as transient work forces and cultural diversity have been shown to impact on the abilities of a workforce to comply with procedures. This paper will address these issues and demonstrate how effective OHSMS will assist in identifying lapses in compliance. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, for example those constructed in line with AS/NZS4804:2001 – Occupational health and safety management systems, utilise a continual improvement model. At every level through planning, implementation, monitor and review, processes are in place to ensure that deficiencies in the ability to comply with procedures are identified and changes applied where necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operational discipline is evident in organisations with a positive safety culture. It will be discussed how process safety may be enhanced by effectively introducing a program of operational discipline. Operational Discipline The ability of personnel to follow procedures and complete tasks correctly each time they carry them out describes what is commonly known as operational discipline. Operational discipline has been defined by DuPont, regarded globally as a leader in behavioral safety systems, as â€Å"the deeply rooted dedication and commitment of each member of the organisation to carry out each task the right way each time. † (Hopkins, 2009, p. 135) Operational discipline differs from legislative requirements and prescribed duties of care laid down in the OSH Act and Regulations, which may be defined as the obligation to carry out assigned duties. (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Instead, workers are challenged to make professional commitments such as: †¢I take personal responsibility for properly understanding my job task and making sure it can be completed safely every time. †¢I plan to follow procedures carefully without shortcuts. †¢I trust that procedures have been developed for a purpose, but suggest changes if they don’t make sense. †¢I focus on the task at hand and set aside personal and work distractions. †¢I care for my safety and the safety of my co-workers (Klien, 2007) Many high reliability organisations have opted to roll out occupational health and safety managements systems in various forms, for example, Chevrons Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS) and Exxonmobil’s Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS). Both global organisations place a key emphasis on operational discipline as a part of the way that they expect personnel at all levels of the business to conduct their assigned tasks. Chevron states in the overview of its OHSMS: Operational discipline—completing every task the right way, every time—captures the spirit of Chevrons OE culture. It requires dedication from the entire workforce and specific behaviours from leadership. Leaders set clear expectations and monitor and shape behaviours. By following procedures, recognizing hazards, providing feedback and stopping work as necessary, workers help prevent incidents. (Watson, 2010) These organisations are acutely aware that the best systems that they can produce are worthless if the personnel acting them out on behalf of the organisation take shortcuts, or willingly deviate from the expected practice laid down in the procedures. It is vital that organisations shrink the gap between the rules and reality, making them applicable in practice and clear to everyone. (Anonymous, 2013 p. 49) Operational discipline exists in varying levels within a culture of an organisation, however as discussed by Stallbaum (2013) â€Å"A robust management system alone will not lead to operational excellence; a culture of operational discipline drives the understanding of, adherence to, questioning of and enforcement of the OEMS is integral to achieving Operational Excellence. † Once effective systems have been implemented for ensuring safe activities at a site, a focus on operational discipline is essential for ensuring that systems are followed and for achieving good performance. (Klien Francisco, 2012 p. 101) Current employment trends in Australia The mining and construction boom of the past decade has highlighted a skills shortage in many industries in Australia. Surveys completed in 2012 indicate that 62 percent of respondents claimed to be experiencing a skills shortage of some kind. The mining sector continues to face significant shortages with two thirds of mining companies reporting problems. Shortages are concentrated in Western Australia followed by Queensland and New South Wales. (Waller, 2012) To remedy the lack of skilled workers in various industries across Australia, the temporary skilled worker (457) visa system allows employees to bring workers from different countries into Australia to assist with short-term projects. An increase in the numbers of foreign workers can introduce challenges for industries in the form of language and cultural barriers. In addition to the increase in foreign workers, part time and casual employment rates in Australia are both presently at historic highs for varying reasons; Data gathered from the Department of education, employment and workplace relations states that presently almost 1/3rd of workers in Australia is part time. (Anonymous, 2013) Part time employment represents a challenge to employers in so far as the financial outlay in training can have a limited return for transient employees. Organisation without a strong safety culture may find it difficult to satisfy their legislatively mandated requirements to provide training for workers they believe to be short term. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Organisations may introduce on Occupational Health and Safety Management system (OHSMS) for a variety of reasons, including: †¢Legal reasons †¢Ethical concerns †¢Industrial relations †¢To improve financial performance Implementation of an effective OSHMS should, however, primarily lead to a reduction of workplace injury and illness, minimising the costs of workplace accidents. (Standards Australia, 2001) There are five (5) driving principles that an OHSMS devised in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, 2001, which are: †¢Policy; †¢Planning; †¢Implementation; †¢Measure and evaluation; and †¢Management review. Fig 1. Continual Improvement (Standards Australia, 2001) The framework for managing risk is based upon a ‘Plan – do – check – act’ cycle. This cycle, often referred to as the Deming cycle is a problem solving process adopted by firms engaged in continuous improvement (Bhat, 2010, p. 276). If effectively planned and implemented, each stage of the OHSMS is capable of addressing the requirement for employees to do the right thing every time a task is undertaken. Policy The OHS policy is the commitment statement from management, which outlines the health and safety goals and targets of the organisation. The OHS policy outlines the expectation of all personnel within an organisation and is â€Å"continually reiterated by the things that management pays attention to and measure. The rest of the management system is developed as a means to achieve the goals set out in the policy. † (Boyrs, Cowley, Tepe, Morrell and Macdonald, 2013) The policy may include a clear indication from management to the workforce that there is an expectation to comply with processes and procedures to achieve the desired outcomes of the organisation. Planning Organisations with an effective OHSMS will have in place a system for identifying and controlling risks, identifying legal requirements, setting targets and objectives and OHS Management Plans. â€Å"Safety management systems are a structured approach for achieving a desired performance. Planning affects every aspect of achieving and executing safety management in any organisation. † (Anonymous, 2001). Dunn (2012) states that â€Å"The creation and use of a plan is a key to the successful implementation of an [HSMS]. † (p. 75). In setting targets and objectives, a company describes how it will judge its safety and health performance. Determining leading and lagging indicators within operating parameters will assist in measuring compliance with procedures going forward. Leading indicators such as task observations and leadership walk and talk sessions provide valuable feedback to management of the abilities of the workforce to sufficiently follow procedures. This of course is dependent on the ability of the organisation to develop workable procedures during the start up phase of the job, taking into consideration the identified hazards, risks and controls for the scope of work. â€Å"Establishing a performance measurement system is a process aimed at changing behavior, and ultimately culture. It is a process of continuous improvement. † (Harrington, Thomas, Kadri, 2009) Other factors that must be taken into consideration during the planning stage of the safety management system are creating an effective system for identifying risks. This is reinforced by Standards Australia (2001) which states â€Å"The organization shall develop its methodology for hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control, based on its operational experience and its commitment to eliminate workplace illness and injury. The methodology shall be kept up to-date. † (p. 9) Legal compliance must be considered when planning the OHSMS. Health and safety procedures shall be generated to bring the activities of the organisation in line with legislative requirement. â€Å"Legislative health and safety regulations represent minimum requirements. In almost all cases it is necessary for the organisations to augment these regulations with specific procedure which must be followed in order to manage employee well being effectively. † (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Procedures should be generated in consultation with the front line workers as this will empower them to ‘own’ the process, making compliance easier. â€Å"(Organisations) should communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to employees. † (Standards Australia, 2001). Employees will find it easier to follow procedures every time if they know that doing so will ensure compliance with legal requirements and that the procedures don’t exist for the sake of having them. ? Implementation The best occupational health and safety management plans will not work without an effective implementation strategy. It is imperative that appropriate levels of resources are available to implement the OHSMS. â€Å" While there are always competing demands upon your limited resources, it’s important to recognize that your employees’ health and safety cannot be compromised. † (Standards Australia, 2001) When implementing an OHSMS into a working environment with a highly transient and multicultural workforce, it is vital that the OHSMS can be understood by everyone. Potential exists for all of the hard work spent creating an effective OHSMS to be lost if it has not been rolled out to the workforce effectively. Procedures shall be developed for providing OHS training. These procedures shall take into account— (a) The characteristics and composition of the workforce which impact on occupational health and safety management; and (b) Responsibilities, hazards and risks. The organization shall ensure that all personnel (including contractors and visitors) have undertaken training appropriate to the identified needs. Training shall be carried out by persons with appropriate knowledge, skills, and experience in OHS and training. (Standards Australia, 2001) The terms composition and characteristics clearly outline the requirement for the OHS training to be created to a level that the workforce, regardless of background, will be able to learn from the training and effectively put the learning outcomes into practice. Consultation and communication To determine that the safety management system is functioning effectively, organisations need to ensure that there are effective mechanisms in place to allow occupational health and safety information is communicated to all stakeholders. (Standards Australia, 2001). The opinions of employees at all levels should be heard and feedback provided to ensure that there is a sense of ownership for the safety processes and procedures within the OHSMS (Pardy Andrews, 2010) Tools such as toolbox meetings, management walk and talk sessions and procedure awareness sessions may be used to take questions and provide feedback to the workforce and determine if there are barriers which prevent the workforce from following procedures. Measure and evaluation As part of the previously discussed Deming Cycle, checks must be undertaken to determine that the OHSMS is achieving what it set out to do. For example, if knowledge gaps are appearing due to difficulties in understanding the training, systems or procedures, it is vital that they are identified so that they can be rectified. â€Å"Organisations should measure, monitor and evaluate its OHS performance and take preventative action† (Standards Australia, 2001). Measurement of performance in this context may be undertaken by auditing, feedback forms from employees and assessments on whether previously identified concerns had been rectified. (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 45) Management review Any gaps between what is hoped will be achieved through the OHSMS and the actual measured outcome need to be closed. It is arguable, the single-most important element of any management system. Through the management review process, committed leaders acting upon factual information from the management systems make informed decisions and identify the resources required to enable the organisation to effectively, safely and without damage to the environment. â€Å" (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 30) It is during the management review that any deficiencies in the entire OSHMS can be rectified. In this way, the plan, do, check, act nature of the process facilitates continual improvement. Conclusion One of the key drivers to success of an OHSMS is the ability of employees at all levels to carry out tasks correctly and in accordance with procedures every time. Many organisations refer to the ability of employees do the right thing every time as operational discipline, which is a conscious effort of all personnel to follow procedures every time. Australia is presently experiencing workforce trends that it has not encountered in present day levels. The level of foreign workers through schemes such as the 457 visa, and also a high number of short term, part time and casual workers create working environments that employers need to monitor to ensure that the OHSMS in place is effective. Organisations should effectively define for what they require from their OHSMS in the OHS policy and then implement the OHSMS effectively to ensure that the workforce are aware of the requirements of management for employees to follow procedures at all times. By monitoring the plan and ensuring that any deficiencies discovered are acted upon, the management of an organisation will be able to determine that the any knowledge gaps caused by either the composition of the workers or ineffective training can be rectified. OHSMS’s developed in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational health and safety management systems, will be able to plan for modern employment trends and the cultural composition of the workforce by ensuring that the system is well planned, is understood by stakeholders, that it has mechanisms in place to ensure ongoing compliance and also the ability to change when shortcomings are identified.

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays Business Ethics in Latin America Essay Business Ethics in Latin America Essay The business ethics climate in Latin America Written by Florien H. International Business Semester 2013 Course: Business Ethics The business ethics climate in Latin America A problem for international companies, taking Peru as an example! The Spanish saying: El queue no trans no banana. (One that doses t act unethical will not proceed), unfortunately describes best the prevailing immoral way of doing business in the Latin American region. Despite various approaches to achieve a mutual acceptance of those values among society, attempts were carried out neither tit economies of scope, nor state support. The efforts stayed in vain and even were adumbrated by corruptive example and bribery which are still considered as a form of remuneration. Though in Latin America business might follow different moral principles, ethics can be defined as a rigorous analytical business tool which applies least clarify those moral issues which typically arise in business (E. Sternberg; 1995). When going abroad, those distinct ethical values often blur and suddenly are inclined to appear as values in tension. For Donaldson, the key of acting ethical, when ongoing business outside your countrys borders, is a balancing act somewhere in between cultural relativism and ethical imperialism, always heeding human values. Considering the first extreme, no culture s ethics is better than any other and accordingly a relativist would always adapt the societys habits in which he currently operates. However this liberal attitude stumbles once the issue becomes more crucial. A cultural relativist would even accept a business action which violates human values. In 2010 Peru for instance was plagued by a major flooding. Especially he region around Mach Fichu, an area with a high proportion of tourists was affected. All roads and rails were impassible which neither made it feasible for tourists to leave, nor ensure the steady supply of aids from outside. The reckless business practices and impotence of the government led the shop-, restaurant-, and hotel owners to raise their prices, which compelled many tourists to sleep outside, being robbed, and suffering from hunger (BBC_news). Since cultural relativists would not collide with this business conduct, Donaldson calls them morally blind (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 16). The second extreme, an ethical imperialist, would always direct the people to proceed as it is common in the home country. Antipathy to this behavior also sounds from the South American world: This cultural diversity raises very difficult philosophical questions, and some criticize the ethical imperialism that they perceive the US and Europe to try to impose on the rest of the world ( O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1995, A region in transition). The theory behind it is absolutism which entails three core problems: The first challenge is that the different cultures should always be respected although attitudes may differ from country to country. The second issue describes how people should demonstrate moral truth using only one set of concepts: We all learn ethics in the context of our particular cultures, and the power in the principles is deeply tied to the way in which they are expressed (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 18). Finally, context must always shape practice, believing in a global standard of ethical behavior (Donaldson, 2003). Human values, which Donaldson describes as the minimum ethical standards that must guide manager s actions as a benchmark for all companies (Donaldson, 2003, . 21), always have to be respected and preserved. They include three core values: Firstly, the respect for human dignity by creating and sustaining a corporate culture, like the right for good health offered to every employee. Secondly, the respect, support and protection for basic human rights, like health, education and an adequate standard of living. Finally, good citizenship is essential to support and three serve as a moral compass for al l companies, formulating and evaluating standards of an ethical conduct. Although values, honesty, religion, and respect actually seem to be attractive heartsickness of the Latin American people, the image is besmirched by corruption, fraud, bribery, and the disparity of wealth distribution. Low ethical standards in the politics have had deep impact on individuals, organizations and the economic system (M. Radar, 1997, p. L). With an area of about 21 million square kilometers, and an estimated population of more than 590 million people, primarily speaking Spanish and Portuguese, the Roman Catholic dominated zone divides into 19 countries, with Peru being one of it. Despite a ninety percent proportion of this about religious denomination participating in religious orientated associations like UNIVAC, even Monsignor Oscar Rodriguez, the president of CLAM, the Latin American Bishop s Conference, expressed the church s anxiety about the distressing situation: Corruption has become a way of life in Latin America (C. Morsels, 1997, p. 7). The faith in the church s paradigms, especially in integrity the steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code (Defenestration. Com) and social responsibility, is regrettably often very distant and betimes leads to dichotomy. The excessive consumption, materialism and selfishness, prevailing in the relatively small upper layers of society, often clashes with real poverty, caused by a lack of education. According to Radar the aim should be to strengthen the religious formation in order to reach a larger proportion of the population and let their activities be guided by the resulting moral principles. Business desire for short-term gains and a corruptive environment, even practiced by state executives, is not despised as unethical but rather as an acceptable cultural habit. It seems as if irruption, presumably the most complex problem of the Americas, has struck deep roots through all layers of society (O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1998). Those unsounded economic policies endured and poor governance even made it worse by impairing the establishment of market competition. In 1995 corruption in Argentina, was believed to account for a proportion of 20 billion$ out of the total GAP of 300 billion$ (Ernest Garcia, 1995). Chile officiates as an example for the Latin world, a country which dedicates high importance to the promotion of private companies since the 1980 s. Those entities advance the responsibility of business ethics, not only among their company, but for the Chilean society as a whole. Oscar Shiplap-Pieta derives two objectives for a sustainable implementation of business ethics in the Latin American society, especially for Peru: First of all, it is extremely important to set high and solid standards of accountability, which go far beyond the minimal legal requirements, currently prevailing. Although clear rules and laws already exist, only a few regions in these countries enforce compliance. Complicity and connivance in equines are so common that in general the South American public profoundly distrusts business and government Following the lead of many political and business leaders, and acknowledge that many individuals from higher social classes go unpunished, many ordinary citizens of South American countries Justify unethical business ethics programs, especially for transnational companies, need to be implemented. Ninety percent of all Fortune 500 companies have codes conduct, and seventy percent have statements of vision and values, but don t stick to it in business (Donaldson, 2003, p. 24). Those can, opposed to the current opinion, offer a win-win situation thus the company will differentiate itself from the competition. Still one has to acknowledge that during the last decades exactly the Latin American region has undergone an impressive process towards democracy and fairness in politics and economics. Peru, the third largest country of South America is now, after a period of turbulence, making remarkable steps towards reforming its current political system and rise in both, the development and confidence in the business sector. It still holds true, that many business people find it imperative to recover the ultra and religious traditions and especially the young generation reveals a higher interest in fair business practices. Accordingly the number of students participating in ethic courses has been rising constantly (Russo/ SSTEagleburger, 2012). Further examples of organized initiatives for a moral renewal are the OAKS and its ratified sub-organizations, and a still very active meeting of businessman from all over the world, the Coax Round Table. All are constantly seeking for processes that identify shared values and perspectives on business behavior acceptable to and honored by al (Coax Round Table. Org). Although the attitude towards time is less rigid than in other cultures and Peruvians even distinguish between: la hoar persona and la hoar angles, Latino in general are known for their warmth and friendliness which they initially express by greeting with hugs and kisses. Muff may even be startled to have a Latin businessman hold your elbow while conversing, or walk down the street arm-in-arm (blob. Starchiness; 2012, The Touchy Feeling). Over time they actually care about your personality and try to develop an individual business connection of rust and intimacy. It is essential to understand the culture and adjust your expectations accordingly and soon you will find a very enjoyable place to do business in. In conclusion, Latin America has despite all positive development achieved, still a profound backlog of actually putting the theoretical bases into practice. Struggling with economic problems and corrupt political institutions, it appears difficult to change the founded habits of society. Examples like Chile and various associations fighting for a solid acceptance of core business values, combined with the honesty, elisions ties, and respect as the most significant properties of the Latin American people, will attract foreign companies respecting core values and promote a sustainable change towards a mutually accepted value system. Business Leaders. Its goal is to promote, in the light of the Christian Social Teachings, a vision and a deployment of Corporate Social Responsibility serving people and the common good of the World. (Univac. Org) the AS uses a four-pronged approach to effectively implement its essential purposes.

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile Guatemalas Catholic Strongman: Josà © Rafael Carrera y Turcios (1815-1865) was the first President of Guatemala, serving during the turbulent years of 1838 to 1865. Carrera was an illiterate pig farmer and bandit who rose to the presidency, where he proved himself a Catholic zealot and iron-fisted tyrant. He frequently meddled in the politics of neighboring countries, bringing war and misery to most of Central America. He also stabilized the nation and is today considered the founder of the Republic of Guatemala. The Union Falls Apart: Central America achieved its independence from Spain on September 15, 1821 without a fight: Spanish forces were more desperately needed elsewhere. Central America briefly joined with Mexico under Agustà ­n Iturbide, but when Iturbide fell in 1823 they abandoned Mexico. Leaders (mostly in Guatemala) then attempted to create and rule a republic they named the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA). Infighting between liberals (who wanted the Catholic Church out of politics) and conservatives (who wanted it to play a role) got the best of the young republic, and by 1837 it was falling apart. Death of the Republic: The UPCA (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America) was ruled from 1830 by Honduran Francisco Morazn, a liberal. His administration outlawed religious orders and ended state connections with the church: this enraged the conservatives, many of whom were wealthy landowners. The republic was mostly ruled by wealthy creoles: most Central Americans were poor Indians who did not care much for politics. In 1838, however, mixed-blooded Rafael Carrera appeared on the scene, leading a small army of poorly armed Indians in a march on Guatemala City to remove Morazn. Rafael Carrera: Carrera’s exact date of birth is unknown, but he was in his early to mid-twenties in 1837 when he first appeared on the scene. An illiterate pig farmer and fervent Catholic, he despised the liberal Morazn government. He took up arms and persuaded his neighbors to join him: he would later tell a visiting writer that he had started out with thirteen men who had to use cigars to fire their muskets. In retaliation, government forces burned down his house and (allegedly) raped and killed his wife. Carrera kept fighting, drawing more and more to his side. The Guatemalan Indians supported him, seeing him as a savior. Uncontrollable: By 1837 the situation had spiraled out of control. Morazn was fighting two fronts: against Carrera in Guatemala and against a union of conservative governments in Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica elsewhere in Central America. For a while he was able to hold them off, but when his two opponents joined forces he was doomed. By 1838 the Republic had crumbled and by 1840 the last of the forces loyal to Morazn were defeated. The republic sundered, the nations of Central America went down their own paths. Carrera set himself up as president of Guatemala with the support of the Creole landowners. Conservative Presidency: Carrera was a fervent Catholic and ruled accordingly, much like Ecuador’s Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno. He repealed all of Morazn’s anti-clerical legislation, invited the religious orders back, put priests in charge of education and even signed a concordat with the Vatican in 1852, making Guatemala the first breakaway republic in Spanish America to have official diplomatic ties to Rome. The wealthy Creole landowners supported him because he protected their properties, was friendly to the church and controlled the Indian masses. International Policies: Guatemala was the most populous of the Central American Republics, and therefore the strongest and wealthiest. Carrera often meddled in the internal politics of his neighbors, especially when they tried to elect liberal leaders. In Honduras, he installed and supported the conservative regimes of General Francisco Ferrara(1839-1847) and Santos Guardiolo (1856-1862), and in El Salvador he was a huge supporter of Francisco Malespà ­n (1840-1846). In 1863 he invaded El Salvador, which had dared to elect liberal General Gerardo Barrios. Legacy: Rafael Carrera was the greatest of the republican era caudillos, or strongmen. He was rewarded for his staunch conservatism: the Pope awarded him the Order of St. Gregory in 1854, and in 1866 (a year after his death) his face was put on coins with the title: â€Å"Founder of the Republic of Guatemala.† Carrera had a mixed record as President. His greatest achievement was stabilizing the country for decades at a time when chaos and mayhem were the norm in the nations surrounding his. Education improved under the religious orders, roads were built, the national debt was reduced and corruption was (surprisingly) kept to a minimum. Still, like most republican-era dictators, he was a tyrant and despot, who ruled mainly by decree. Freedoms were unknown. Although it is true that Guatemala was stable under his rule, it is also true that he postponed the inevitable growing pains of a young nation and did not allow Guatemala to learn to rule itself. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

Agency Formation and Management Perspective Research Paper

Agency Formation and Management Perspective - Research Paper Example Agents must at all times work as per the instructions of their principals. You have clarified the areas where the law of agency plays critical role. For instance, regulating the principal-agent relationship, the external relationship between the agents and the third parties and the third parties and the principals in case the agents are purporting to deal on their behalf (Munday, 2008). The areas that you have said that the agency relationships are common are very sensitive as well. You have mentioned employment, financial advice and contract negotiation. All of these are very important areas in the economy and since agents are used in most cases, there must be some law so that the agents end up doing according to their principals and also as per the expectations of the third parties. Finally you have brought in the aspect of independent contractors. Like you have said, these play the same role as the agents only that they are used by small businesses. They are independent of the small businesses hence their

ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY - Essay Example Ancient Greek philosophy is a very diverse subject and the scope of this paper is limited to the key aspects focusing on philosophers from the Presocratics to the Neoplatonists. Presocratics Presocratics is a term used to describe philosophers that existed before Socrates. Despite the fact that the ancient Greek society did not primarily use mythological ideas to explain certain events, it is still clear that their logic to some extent was influenced by older wisdom (Anton et al., 20-45). The initial consent of pre-Socratic philosophers was to explain the entire cosmos, with the aim of identifying the underlying principle behind it (Anton et al., 20-30). The Presocratics originated from Western and Eastern Greece, where as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates were from Athens. Presocratics mainly focused on physics, a trait they were acknowledged for over the years. As they were the first philosophers, they strongly objected mythical ideologies emphasizing on rationality of things. Their ma in scientific interests included astronomy, mathematics, and biology (Anton et al., 20-45). Unfortunately, the original evidence of their works is absent. Their ideas and knowledge of their work is derived from proceeding literature such as The Opinions Physicists by Theophratus (Anton et al., 20-45). The first philosophers of this time originated from Ionia and aims of this great the material principle of objects, the reasons for their disappearance and also their origin. It was in this time that Thales of Miletus determined water to be the basis of living things. Other philosophical principles that proceeded include the differentiation between cold and hot, moist and dry which were derived from the principle formulated by Anaximander. Philosophy was however first introduced to everyday life by Pythagoras of Samos. He perceived the world as perfectly harmonious, dependent on number, and encouraged the population to live a life of harmony. Xenophenes of Colophon, also referred to as the father of pantheism, referred to God as an eternal unity governing the daily activities of the world with his thoughts (Anton et al., 20-45). In later years, a materialistic system was formulated by Leucippus and Democritus which involved one of the first doctrines of atoms or indivisible elements. These were assumed to be infinite, in divisible, qualitatively similar and imperishable. They were assumed to move eternally, unite and collide on several occasions. In essence it is clear that the main of objective of these philosophers was to decipher the ultimate basis of nature. In this era, the conception of human knowledge resolved around the philosophers’ theories on the constitution of things. Socrates The era between 469-399 BCE was that of Athenian Socrates (Anton et al., 20-45). Socrates rejected the previous theories formulated by his predecessors, making opinions and thoughts central in his theories. Socrates excessively questioned people on their opinions which i s opposite to the approach that was taken by Sophists, who considered thoughts and beliefs of people as their standard (Kingley, 45-79). Socrates lived in a period of transition from the Athenian hegemony to its defeat in the Peloponessian War by Sparta and its allies (Kingley,

What Is American Federalism Essay Example for Free

What Is American Federalism Essay According to Dye (2011), nations are not truly federal unless both national and subnational governments exercise separate and autonomous authority, both elect their own officials, and both tax their own citizens for the provision of public services (p. 263). American Federalism is just that. In the United States each state has their own government with elected officials, to go even further each town within these states also have their own elected officials. These officials govern these areas the way they see fit, however they each fall under the national government. Dye (2011) goes on to say that federalism requires the powers of the national and subnational governments to be guaranteed by a constitution that cannot be changed without the consent of both national and subnational populations (p. 263), this also is apparent in the United States as well. The founding fathers brought forth this federalist way in order to prevent one entity from having too much power, which in turn would allow the elites to rule over those less privileged and in turn them never having a voice. W/C: 176 When should we use Military Force? A President has a hard decision when it comes to deciding whether or not to use military force. When sending the military into any combat area lives are placed immediately at risk, those soldiers are ready and willing to defend their country however the President must be able to explain why the military is needed and justify why we have suffered wounded and lost lives. (Dye, 2011, p. 289) When deciding whether or not to use military force the president must consider several things. Is the use of military force going to protect vital interests? Does the President have the support of the American people and those in Congress? Is this force in support of important political objectives and lastly is this force in support of the war on terrorism? The commitment of US military force should be a last resort, after political, economic, and diplomatic efforts have been proven ineffective (Dye, 2011, p. 289). W/C: 153 What went wrong in Iraq? According to Dye (2011), The war in Iraq was a preemptive strike against terrorism, consistent with the declarations of the Bush administration about the necessity of fighting terrorists on their own ground rather than on American soil (p. 297). One of the biggest things that went wrong in Iraq was the limited number of troops originally sent in. The reason behind this was due in part to the vision of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to have a lean military force. (Dye, 2011, p. 97) Although the initial wave was able to take over and capture Baghdad, it was not enough to keep the are safe and free from insurgents. With the insurgents on the move the American military force was spread thin and they were not able to hold the cities they had once taken over. supply lines could not be defended and the insurgents quickly learned to plant IEDs-improvised explosive devices-along routes commonly used by the US troops. More casualties were inflicted by these devices than by any other means; the US did not have enough troops to guard supply routes (Dye, 2011, p. 99). Overall it seemed as though poor planning and lack of a vision from Donald Rumsfeld is what led to what went wrong in Iraq. W/C: 207 How do you fight Terrorism with Intelligence? In order to effectively and efficiently fight Terrorism with Intelligence is to have a strong Intelligence Community (IC) in place. According to Dye (2011), a proactive war on terrorism requires the collection, analysis, and dissemination of relevant foreign and domestic information to federal, state, and local government agencies, and to the American people (p. 13). It is up to the several components that make up the Intelligence Community to do just that, they must work together in order to form a cohesive unit and ensure that any information obtained is utilized in a way that will benefit the American people and US soil. In the world today the President relies on the Director of National Intelligence to coordinate and oversee all the functions within the IC, it is the DNI who reports directly to the president and is a member of the National Security Council, the presidents inner cabinet (Dye, 2011, p. 17). W/C: 151 What does it mean when we say the we are using American Troops for Nation Building? This statement comes along with the planning for postwar Iraq. One of the goals of the war was to uncover weapons of mass destruction, unfortunately these items were never found. During the planning phase for postwar Iraq the US had promised to help restore many things such as water, electricity and roads. Due to the US administrator for Iraq Paul Bremmer these things seemed to be out of reach as he began dismissing the entire Iraqi Army and pursued a policy of dismissing virtually all Iraqi managers and technicians (Dye, 2011, p. 299). Due to all of this the US had no choice to both recruit and train a new Army and police force that would serve Iraq, as well they were obliged to bring in contract workers, managers and technicians from the US to help restore all those things that were promised to the Iraqi people. Although the troops came in to fight a war in the end they were there it seemed to help rebuild the Nation.

Physics of the Heart Essay -- physics heart

In the US, heart attacks kill more people than any other single cause. Many of the deaths are caused by electrical disturbances in a damaged heart that cause it to fibrillate (Pool). Despite current overwhelming interest in the operations of the human heart, for most of history the human heart has been regarded as a "forbidden organ too delicate to tamper with" (NOVA). In fact, it might have remained so, were it not for World War II where military doctors, faced with massive numbers of injuries ushered the world into our current medical trajectory. Your body has about 5.6 liters of blood. All of this blood circulates through the body three times every minute. In one day, the blood travels a total of 12,000 miles (NOVA). Rhythmic contractions of the heart pump blood occur in response to electrical control pulse sequences. Active cells in the sinoatrial node in the heart trigger a sequence of electrical events that control muscle contractions, which pump the blood. Scientific interest in the heart goes back centuries. Some of the most basic understandings about the operation and specifically the electrical currents of the heart were discussed during the May 17, 1888 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London by Professor J.A. McWilliam of the University of Aberdeen. The following conclusions were based on his studies of mammalian hearts in cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, hedgehogs, and guinea-pigs. * An all or nothing approach to heart contraction o If a stimulus was strong enough to excite contraction, it produced a maximal contraction * The application of interrupted currents induces fibrillar contractions which can be recovered from even after long period under the combined influence of artificial respira... ...n that prevents the heart from immediately contracting again. Bibliography 1. "Cactus Picture" March 16, 2005. 2. Campbell, Neil A. (2002) "Biology" 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings. San Francisco, CA. 3. Kay, Ian. (1998) "Introduction to Animal Physiology" Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 4. McWilliam, J.A. (1888) "On the Rhythm of the Mammalian Heart" Froceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, pages 206-208. 5. NOVA. " Cut to the Heart† PBS Online 1997. 6. Pool, Robert. (1990) â€Å"Heart Like a Wheel† Science, Vol. 247, No. 4948, pages 1294-1295. 7. Putnam, Jeremiah L. "Heart Diagram" Professor of Biology. Davidson College. 8. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. (1997) "Animal Physiology: Adaptation and environment" Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY.

Levi Roots

How does Levi Roots use language to sell his product to the dragons? Levi Roots uses spoken language devices to persuade the dragons to invest in his product. He uses a variety of spoken language techniques such as pausing, overlapping, turn taking and accent in order to persuade the dragons. The dragons respond in a warm way, and join in the humour Levi creates throughout the interview; this suggests that Levi root was successful in persuading the dragons. His use of language also sets mood and tone in different situations throughout the interview.As Levi enters the room, he starts to sing a song. This catches the dragon’s attention as they have never been welcomed in such way before. This suggests that they are amused and are willing to hear what Levi has to share with the dragons. There is light humour at the start of the interaction when Levi decides to joke about his own name, ‘My real name (. ) is Keith’ the slight pause may suggest possible reluctance, as h e may feel uncomfortable in sharing his name with other people.However, he may also be pausing for comic effect because he knows what the response will be and how the dragons will react in return. Most of the times, Levi uses pausing to create humour and comic effect, this helps him to create bond with the dragons. Throughout the interview, Levi overlaps the dragons, not mainly because of disagreement but to show that he understands and respects their views and ideas as well as making polite explanations. ‘|Thank you very much (. ) no it’s not it’s my studio name’ Levi overlaps when Theo Paphitis asks if Levi Roots is his ‘real name’.He makes a polite explanation and tells him that his real name is Keith. However, the fact that ‘Levi Roots’ is his studio name shows that he has an original name whom nearly most of the people will call him by. Moreover, the fact that only famous and professional people have studio names shows the dr agons that Levi Roots may be one of them or ‘can’ be one of them in the future if he is able to convince the dragons to invest in his product. Levi’s varies his choices of words and phrases to persuade them. ‘I don’t see me would have†¦ this is an example of Levi’s Jamaican dialect; his spoken language does not suit the context or the situation he is in, but he is able to control it by creating bond with the dragons, through humour. ‘You’ve just you’ve just lost so much credibility,’ this shows that Levi has achieved to create a bond with them as Duncan Bannatyne joins in the humorous tone and is mirroring Levi. ‘Oh dear (. ) right,’ stated by Theo Paphitis, he has become more serious and has returned to his formal tone suggesting that he is ready to talk business with Levi Roots.Realizing that Roots himself can’t create anymore humour, he changes the way he speaks to make a more formal way a nd tries to do his best to convince the dragons that he is a good businessman. However he starts to overlap and pause more often than he did before at the start of the interaction, this shows that he is hesitating and is nervous as he does not want to say something he shouldn’t. It also suggests that he cares in what he has to say, and wants to be seen as a confident, businessman who wants to sell his product. I think Theo must be this handsome guy right in front of me, here’ Levi realizes that things have become more serious, so he tries his best to stay relaxed and bring back the humour so he does not have to hesitate anymore. Levi’s humorous tone shows the dragons that he is being himself and is being as truthful as he can in order to be able to sell his product. By acting this way, Levi is able to get attention from the dragons, making them want to hear more on what Levi has to say, it also makes the interview more interactive as he involves comic and humour as well. Ah sold. I like you already’ this shows that Levi has won one of the dragons over as he is joining in the humour. It also shows that Theo is eager to maintain light-hearted. Also the humorous bond between the two suggests that Levi Roots is charismatic. Moreover, the filler ‘Ah’ suggests that Theo feels confident when talking to Levi, as he does not feel like he has to follow the specific tone and the ‘business talk’ script. This implies that Levi is able to persuade the dragons to buy his product as he is staying light-hearted.It also implies that Levi is able to convince someone like Theo to use fillers, suggesting that they are on the same level and are equal to one another. This is because business people like the dragons rarely use fillers whilst talking and the reason why Levi Roots may be seen as ‘charismatic’ is because he has successfully persuaded him to use filler. When Roots is asked to confirm the carnival sales, h e decides to clarify it’s ‘Notting Hill Carnival’, this implies that he is confident and proud ith what he has produced and done due to the event’s high profile and popularity. Notting Hill Carnival is one of the most famous, and most-visited carnivals of all time, and as Levi Roots has sold Reggae sauce at the carnival shows the dragons that he had good sales and has sold the product to many people. Levi Roots is also specific with his values; this implies enthusiasm and knowledge of his own product. However it also shows that he is a desirable business partner and is someone who can be trusted, which is a way Levi uses to get closer to the dragons. Two and a half thousand bottles at the carnival† this connotates that Duncan is amused by how much Levi has sold at the carnival. He repeats Levi to confirm what has been said once again, and politely Levi overlaps with a ‘yes,’ showing his confidence and that he is certain with the number o f products sold. As things have become more serious, the dragons and as well as Levi take turns to talk, suggesting that they are interested in what others have to say.Levi repeats words more often and feels like he has to pause more because he knows that the dragons are focused on him and is taking his words more seriously than they used to at the start of the interaction. â€Å"Yes at the moment I make it at my home in my kitchen and my children help me and an we just sort of do it as a family† it comes to a point where Duncan B. asks Levi where he makes the sauce. Making it at home suggest amateur operation so his nerves are beginning to show.Although Levi was trying to stay focused on his words and tone, he loses control as he is nervous and goes back to his informal tone of language. This shows the dragons that he is hesitating and is more nervous because he is scared to hear what their responses will be as it is more likely to be negative. However he may also be perceiv ed positively as he ‘is’ a good family man with attractive qualities who spends time with family. Also ragae sauce may be the reason which keeps the family together, also this may leave the dragons in awe. This will secure the investment as

Difference Between Counselling and Mentoring

Mentoring are both to do with helping people to develop. Counseling helps people to develop with the emotional concern in a safe and trusting relationship. For example, one of the staff In the Restaurant that I work In was worried about his father being ill in India. He wanted to go and see his father to see how he was progressing with medical treatment. He was also worried that his father is old at the age of 85 and that he might die.He was also worried whether they had enough money in India to look after his father well. So all the staff supported him by counseling and asking him questions about his father and his family in India. We asked him whether he had enough money to send to India for his father's treatment. We asked him whether he had enough money to pay for the trip to India. We asked him which hospital his father was in and Is It a good hospital. We asked him what kind of treatment his father Is getting.We asked him whether can afford to take time off work to evils India. According professional counselors, counseling is about asking questions and not serially giving answers or making suggestions. For example, if we were to suggest that he go to India tomorrow and then find out that his father recovers fairly quickly, our friend may feel that his Journey was waste of time and when he was to come back he might blame us for him loosing two weeks pay from work and also for wasting money on the trip.That's why when counseling we don't make suggestions but let the person decide for themselves as what they should do about the problem. This makes sure that they are responsible for their decisions and consequences. Mentoring Mentoring allows a person to turn to another more experienced person on a regular basis to develop their own skills and ability In the work place.For example, when I started working in the restaurant I had no idea how to work as a waiter, so I was told by the management that I could talk to a colleague who had been a waiter for three yea rs in India and ELK. He explained to me what a good waiter does and how he treats the customer. Mentoring encourages a person to do what's right for them. For example, my mentor told me that the customer is very important, so I decided make sure that I talk to the customers about curries, about India and about News stories.I want them feel they are my friends and that I know them as a friend. For me mentoring provided regular time to talk to my mentor and discuss new ways work shift I usually have a discussion with my mentor about how I worked each right. I feel safe to discuss things to do with developing the business with my mentor rather than with my manager. My mentor and I have developed a relationship which helps me with my professional development through support and understanding. My mentor and I have become more like friends at the work.

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay Example

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay Example The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Paper The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Paper Jeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, D. C. He drew heavily from what he had learned from his colleagues at that university. Reiman is the William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy at American University, where he has taught since 1970. He has written numerous books on political philosophy, criminology, and sociology. Reiman states his thesis in the Introduction. He claims that the goal of the American criminal justice system is not to eliminate crime- or even to achieve justice- but to project to the people an image of the idea that the threat of crime eminates from the poor. The system must maintain a large population of poor criminals, and to this end, it must not reduce or eliminate the crimes that poor people commit. When crime declines, it is not because of our criminal justice policies, but in spite of them. In testing this idea, Reiman had his students construct a correctional system that would maintain a stable and visible group of criminals, rather than eliminating or reducing crime, and they suggested the following: enact laws against drug abuse, prostitution, and gambling; ive police, prosecutors, and judges broad discretion in deciding who gets arrested, charged, and sentenced to prison; make the prison experience demeaning; do not train prisoners for jobs after release; deprive offenders of certain rights for the rest of their lives. The system that emerges is what we have today. In the chapter, Crime Control in America, Reiman suggests that the system has been designed to fail. Imprisoning drug offenders, for instance, does nothing to reduce the number of drug offenders in society because they are immediately replaced. The decline in violent crime is more attributable to demographic changes than to enforcement efforts. Most of the decline in crime results from forces beyond the control of the criminal justice systems. Reiman also feels that we could reduce crime if we wanted to do so, and that our excuses are not really answers to the problem, but merely excuses to explain why the system fails. We know the causes of crime- poverty, prison, and drugs- yet we do nothing to change how these things operate, such as banning guns and decriminalizing drugs. In the chapter, A Crime by Any Other Name . . . Reiman considers how language is used to identify some actions, and he argues that such things as workplace-related deaths that could be prevented should be considered crimes, as well. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, the face of crime is young, male, poor, and black. Reiman believes that the criminal justice system helps create this reality, projecting a particular image of crime and hiding the larger reality of social injustice and even white-collar crime. They identify crime as a direct, personal assault and ignore many other damages caused by carelessness and greed of a different order. Reiman details threats from the workplace, the health care system, the use of chemicals by various companies, and poverty itself, none of which are considered crimes. Reiman feels that the criminal justice system distorts the image of what truly threatens society. In the chapter, . . . And the Poor Get Prison, Reiman points out what many have noted- that the offender in prison is most likely someone from one of the lowest social and economic groups in the nation. The poor are more likely to be arrested for a particular crime, while wealthier people are merely warned. Reiman uses evidence of the differential treatment of blacks for several reasons: 1) blacks are disproportionately poor; 2) the factors that are most likely to keep an offender out of prison do not apply to poor blacks; 3) blacks and whites in prison come from the same general socio-economic status; 4) race adds to the effects of economic condition; and 5) the economic powers in America could end or reduce racist bias in the criminal justice system if they wanted to do so. Reiman believes they see it as to their economic advantage not to curb crime. He inds that police, prosecutors, and judges all make certain that the poor are more likely to go to prison than the well-to-do. This should not be the case, given that white-collar crime is costly, widespread, and rarely punished. Even when arrested and convicted, white-collar criminals do not do the same amount of time as the poor, and do not go to the same prisons. In his chapter, To the Vanquished Belong the Spoils, Reiman considers w hy the criminal justice system is failing and finds that it is not an accident, but rather an intentional action by the rich and powerful to keep the system operating as it is. He does not say this is a conspiracy and offers reasons why a conspiracy theory does not explain what has happened. The poor are more likely to be victims, as well, and they lack the money or power to change the system in any way. On the other hand, those who are in a position to change the system are not in enough jeopardy to initiate change. The criminal justice system is extremely visible in American society and popular culture, and there is an ideology of criminal justice that is implicit, concentrating on individual wrong-doers and directing our attention away from social institutions and their actions. This distorts the nature and reality of the problem facing society. Because there is an association between crime and poverty in the popular mind, there is also a bias against the poor. In the concluding chapter, Reiman considers what he calls the Crime of Justice, or the crime society is perpetrating against the poor and powerless by allowing the system to continue as structured, and, in effect, create crime rather than reducing it. The goals of protecting society and promoting justice are both ill-served under the current system. Taken as a whole, Reimans book puts forth a solid argument that the system does not serve the public as presently constituted, and the proof is not merely in growing or diminishing crime rates, but in incorporating a broader concept of social justice into the system itself. Certain specific actions might be taken, such as decriminalizing drugs or reducing the number of guns in circulation, but clearly each of these ideas has massive opposition waiting to stop any such effort. Reimans concept of social justice is more n keeping with sociological theories that find systemic reasons for crime, which is quite different from the prevailing individual actor theories that are so embedded in the system. Reiman is less convincing in the way he describes the system as intentionally bias, for he makes it sound as if it were an organized conspiracy. That is simply not the case. The book is provocative and has many good ideas, including a thorough analysis of the current criminal justice system a nd how that system may b changed to better represent, serve, and protect ALL Americans.

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay When writing a good Accounting scholarship essay it is important for the writer to read and understand the instructions. This is to make sure one knows well the accounting topic before he or she can start writing. Instructions form the basis or the guideline for which direction the writer will form his or her argument in the accounting subject. This must be followed when the writer is thinking about what he or she is going to write about. In this case the subject is an accounting scholarship essay. It helps for the writer to plan and organize his or her thoughts prior to beginning writing. This is for proper coherence of ideas in the essay. This should be immediately followed by the process of making an outline which helps the writer to organize and streamline thoughts and ideas from the beginning to the end of the essay. Accounting is normally a topic which must be well fitted with specific terms. For one to win a scholarship by writing an accounting essay he or she has to demonstrate that he has more passion and zeal to pursue the course than the rest. A scholarship does not come on a silver plate, it must be earned. A good way to begin writing this essay could be by brainstorming and creating an outline of the relevant ideas to include. Therefore, the writer must see to it that the outline includes all the elements as written in the instructions. The accounting scholarship essay should explain and elaborate in detail every point in the outline. Moreover, accounting scholarship essays must make use of a clear, precise and simplified accounting terminology. Throughout the entire essay the writer has to show some level of maturity in the accounting subject. He or she must be in a position to state and clarify his or her accomplishments in accounting without necessarily showing signs of bragging. The accomplishments in accounting might be the key to winning the scholarship. Furthermore, the writer should see to it that his or her language in accounting is impeccable and without any grammatical mistakes and errors. The question on the accounting scholarship essay must be well addressed and straight to the point, as opposed to throwing ideas here and there without any reliable evidence. To perfect this, there is need for the writer to read the question several times and go through the essay to be sure of what the essay addresses. There should little generalization of the topic or ideas. Lastly, the writer must have someone with p rofound writing and editing experience to proofread the Accounting scholarship essay before it is submitted.

Managing Organizational Design and Change Essay

Managing Organizational Design and Change - Essay Example Developing the scenarios is one of the main strategic planning processes for the managers of a company. A company needs to develop its business strategy based on the analysis of different possible scenarios in order to get an awareness of threats and challenges that may occur in future. This process of analyzing all possible future scenarios while developing strategies or defining short-term and long-term goals holds an important place in ensuring success of a company. The planners need to rank the possible scenarios considering all internal and external factors and positive and negative consequences of each factor. The planners also need to identify commonness in all possible future scenarios in order to prepare in advance for the potential outcomes of the scenarios. Some of the most common benefits of ranking the scenarios include selecting the best possible business strategy, identification of possible threats and challenges to the business, identification of the competitors, desi gning a result-oriented marketing strategy, and achievement of business goals and objectives by designing a good business strategy based on the analysis of scenarios. Answer: No: 2 Strategic drift refers to the flaws in a strategy, which prove their existence when the strategy cannot go along with the changes in the environment. Strategic drift occurs when the pace of strategy is not fast enough to keep up with the pace of the changing environment. Two important factors, which create strategic drift for a company, include culture and history. History of a company plays a significant role in shaping the overall culture of the company. If the managers neglect the importance of history while developing a strategy for the company,... This essay stresses that a company’s goals never depend on design and strategy of a company rather it is design, which depends on a company’s goals because organizational design is developed to meet the company’s goals. Understanding of goals makes it easy to organize the company’s functions accordingly. A balanced scorecard focuses on entire business strategy in order to judge the performance of the organizations. It translates business strategies into measurable objectives and outcomes. The four main perspectives measured by balanced scorecard system include internal business processes, customer relations, financial processes, and innovation and growth. This report makes a conclusion that management of organizational design and change is a very important aspect of managing an organization. Strategy of a business plays a vital role in the success of a business. No company can ever be successful without developing an effective business strategy. A number of issues are related to business strategies, which managers need to understand properly in order to run the businesses successfully. Some of those issues include ranking of scenarios, strategic drift, lack of proper knowledge, integration of quality systems in business strategies, and business scorecards. Managers need to consider these issues while developing business strategies in order to make the strategies effective and successful.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 41

Journal - Essay Example Indeed, how he hated people and their foolishness. As the man entered his home, he thought about the burden of being a teacher, having to deal with ignorance and human incompetency as a regular daily obligation. He shuddered with contempt at the very idea. As he chewed these thoughts in his mind, he turned toward the television and clicked it to the local news. Glancing at the clock, he noticed that it was approaching 11am; almost time for lunch. For a moment, he watched as the excited woman dressed in a blue uniform smiled profusely and waved frantically at the camera, clearly excited to be a part of her newsworthy adventure. Jealous of her happiness, he clicked off the television. As the man reached into the mayonnaise jar to coat his favorite sandwich concoction, he formulated his last thought on Earth as his ceiling suddenly exploded onto his head, crushing the life out of him forever. In 30 minutes, as rescue workers began a frantic search for survivors, neighbors grimaced as a hunk of steel painted with one remark was resurrected from the debris. As if a prophetic vision of human justice, the word â€Å"Challenger† was quite

Discussion Paper Sample Size Statistical Analysis Essay

Discussion Paper Sample Size Statistical Analysis - Essay Example Certain sampling methods require each member of the population under consideration to be known and identifiable. The structure which supports this identification is called a sampling frame. Some sampling methods require a sampling frame only as a listing of the population; other methods need certain characteristics of each member also to be known. The author underlines that: "Better success is achieved by asking concrete questions and testing out concrete examples" (Lenth, 2001). Also, Lenth underlines that sample size is not important in all studies. "It may be beneficial to ask about relative differences instead of absolute ones" (Lenth, 2001). It is important to avoid "canned" effect to obtain reliable results. The article gives critical overview of the sample size techniques proposed by Cohen (1998) and Hoenig and Heise (2001). Taking into account job satisfaction surveys and present day problems faced by multinational corporations, it is possible to say that tailoring a training program and family support can increases the job satisfaction and enthusiasm of foreign employees and encourages open communication. These problems were discussed by Bruning and Mccaughey (2005) in their article "Enhancing Opportunities for Expatriate Job Satisfaction".

Risk Management In Naval Operations

Risk Management In Naval Operations The concept of risk management has been around the Navy since its inception. During the drawdown of the 1990s, the risk management concept was formalized into the Operational Risk Management (ORM) program. This approach was initiated to mitigate the risks associated with such a massive reorganization. This paper examines the Naval Directive Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 3500.39C OPNAVINST 3500.39C (02 July, 2010) that explains the ORM process as five basic steps, four principles and a risk management process and measurement that is applied on three levels of operation; in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. As stated in OPNAVINST 3500.39C; risk is expected in all military tasks, training, missions, operations, and personal activities. The most common cause of task degradation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to regularly manage risk. ORM reduces the risks by identifying hazards and measuring and controlling the expected risks, allowing decisions to be made that compare risks against the mission benefits. Navy personnel are responsible for managing risk in all tasks while leaders are responsible for ensuring proper procedures are in place and appropriate resources are available for personnel to perform assigned tasks. The Navy vi sion according OPNAVINST 3500.39C is; to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do, including on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, therefore enabling successful completion of any task and mission. Keywords: Operational Risk Management, OPNAVINST 3500.39C I. Statement and significance of the Issue The ORM origins goes back to 1994 when The US Navy team made ORM an integral part of planning, training, and operations. This stemmed from a need to improve operational readiness in peacetime-and to achieve success in combat-during a period of reduced resources and personnel. The Department of the Navy (DON) Safety Objectives for FY 2008 and Beyond (9 Oct 07) stated; Integrate Safety and Risk Management into all on and off-duty evolutions to maximize mission readiness and to establish DON as an organization with world class safety where no mishap is accepted as the cost of doing businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Establish a risk management training continuum to ensure all DON personnel receive targeted [ORM] training and that all formal professional training courses are infused with examples of how effective risk management improves both safety and mission readiness.. Risk is common nature in all military tasks, training, missions, operations, and personal activities. The most common cause of task degradation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to regularly manage risk (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). Navys goal is; to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do, including on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, therefore enabling successful completion of any task and mission (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). The ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in more efficient use of resources. Zero risk is not the intent of ORM. Risk management is a continuous process that is integral from the strategic level of planning through the tactical level and execution. It is a tool to help improve mission readiness and mission accomplishment. The ORM benefits when applying the ORM process ensures mission or task success by providing more effective use of resources, improving on- and off-duty risk decision making, reducing injury and property damage, and improving the readiness of all personnel (FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15, 2000) ORM is a process that assists organizations and individuals in making informed risk decisions in order to reduce or offset risk, thereby increasing operational effectiveness and the probability of mission success. The ORM process is applicable across the spectrum of operations and tasks. It should be used by everyone all the time, whether on- or off-duty in their military or civilian life. II. Review of Relevant Research What is ORM? The term Operational Risk Management (ORM) is defined as a continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk, (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. How does it work? The ORM process assists you in making smart and informed decisions. Actually, we apply ORM every day. At times, we may not even be aware of it as you carry out a task or mission. An example of this is as simple as crossing the street; we look both ways because we were taught this at a young age. However, today we dont even look at this as risk management, but something that we know is the right thing to do before crossing the street. Every person has a role to play in managing risk during a commands task or mission, and every person is vital to the success of the Navy team, (ORM Fundamentals, Navy Knowledge Online, 2011). The Five Steps The ORM process is a systematic, continuous, and repeatable process that consists of five basic steps (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). Identify hazards Assess hazards Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise (and watch for changes) The first two steps comprise the risk assessment portion of ORM and provide enhanced awareness and understanding of a given situation. This awareness builds confidence and allows for timely, efficient, and effective protective measures. The remaining three steps are the essential follow-through actions to either eliminate the hazard or mitigate the risks. The Four Principles. ORM incorporates the following four principles (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010): 1. Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost 2. Accept No Unnecessary Risk 3. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning 4. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level 1. Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost The process of weighing risks against the benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits can be a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task must be engaged when making risk decisions (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). The goal of ORM is not to eliminate risk but to manage the risk so that the mission or task both on- and off-duty can be successful. The bottom line is, if no benefit can be achieved then do not take the risk. 2. Accept No Unnecessary Risk If all detectable hazards have not been identified, then unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any that, if taken, will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize personnel or material. The risk management process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent willingness to gamble. Take only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). 3. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Integrating risk management into planning as early as possible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and often reduces costs for your organization and yourself when off duty (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). 4. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision maker is the individual who can eliminate or minimize the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must ensure that their personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear accountability. Therefore, those accountable for the mission must be included in the risk management process. If the commander, leader, or individual responsible for executing the mission or task determines that the controls available to them will not reduce risk to an acceptable level, they must elevate the risk decisions to the next level in the chain of command (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). Risk Assessment Matrix ORM Matrix Card OPNAVINST 3500.39C, (2010). Risk Assessment Matrix. Retrieved from http://safetycenter.navy.mil/ 1 March, 2011. This Matrix uses Risk as an expression of possible loss, adverse outcome, or negative consequences; such as injury or illness in terms of probability and severity of failure (Salas Maurino, 2010, p. 57). Risk Assessment is a structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of severity, probability, and exposure to hazards. Accomplished in the first two steps of the ORM process. Risk Assessment Code (RAC) is an expression of the risk associated with a hazard that combines its severity and probability into a single Arabic numeral which can be used to help determine hazard abatement priorities. This is typically accomplished through the use of the risk assessment matrix. The basic RACs are: 1-Critical, 2-Serious, 3-Moderate, 4-Minor, and 5-Negligible. Another definition not included in this matrix is, Residual Risk and that will be the Risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected. Bringing back the concept that Zero Risk is not the primary purpose of ORM. Also, for the use of this matrix an Operational Analysis of the task at hand has to be made. This means a chronological or sequential list of the major events or elements in a mission or task. This is the complete picture of what is expected to happen and assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for all potential hazards. Very important to define what a Hazard is before assigning it a number in this matrix, because a hazard is any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; degradation of mission capability or impact to mission accomplishment; or damage to the environment, this is also synonymous with the term threat. Last for this chart is the Risk Decision or the ability to make a decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action. The Three Levels The risk management process is applied on three levels: in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. The basic factor that differentiates each level is time; that is the amount of time available to dedicate to the preparation and planning of missions or tasks (OPNAVINST 3500.39C, 2010). There is no definitive separating line between the three levels (in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. It is important to know we have resources to tap into. At each level of the planning process, hazards and associated risks are identified and appropriate controls are developed and implemented. These controls become resources upon which we can draw for the next level of planning and ultimately for execution. III. Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions On and Off-duty mishaps are extremely detrimental to the Navys operational capability. Because the Navy works as a team 24/7, the actions one person takes can affect the readiness and operational capability of the commands mission or task, therefore affecting the Navy as a whole. Thus, we must constantly be aware of all risks involved in our everyday off-duty activities. Benefits of using ORM: Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. The ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in more efficient use of resources. IV. Recommendations All Navy military, civilian, and contractors under the direct supervision of government personnel should apply the ORM principles and processes in all activities in order to optimize mission success and maintain readiness. Leadership should be held accountable for the use of ORM processes in their command. An organizations success requires the commitment of leaders to manage risk while meeting the commands mission. Leaders must lead by example and provide thorough policies and goals, with buy-in from all personnel. All personnel must fully trust that they have the support for risk decisions made in the interest of completing the mission, while also recognizing that intentional breaches of regulations will not be tolerated. The responsibilities as a Leader and /or Commanding Officer, or officer-in-charge should include: Establish command policy and expectations for the application of ORM on- and off-duty. Address the ORM process in mission, training, safety, and lessons learned reports. Inform the chain of command of those hazards identified by the ORM process that cannot be controlled or mitigated at the command level. Ensure ORM risk decisions are being made at the appropriate level within the command.