Dreschler Hotel Consultation

I have reviewed the trend analysis for the Dreschler Hotel and competing hotels and find that in comparison to the competing market, Dreschler is well within the numbers on average. Occupancy rate as compared with like hotels appears to be almost par with an average of 99. 3 index for the last six month period of 2005. This is stating that on average Dreschler is almost at the same rate of occupancy as other competing hotels. The average daily room rate comes out to a 100. 8 index which is stating that the rate being charged daily is at or above what other hotels in this competing industry are charging. The same with the revenue per available rooms, the 6 month average comes out to an index of 99. 9 compared with like hotels. In review of this trend analysis, I believe the occupancy rate can be improved during the summer months because of the location and activities offered by this lodging facility. But, after reviewing Santa Cruz County for the year 2005, average occupancy rate for hotels was at 64. 7% and for the whole state of Arizona the annual average was only 65. 8%. Dreschler appears to be on the upper end of these averages at 72. 6% average for the last 6 months of the year. This figure could obviously be higher or lower because of the figures for the first 6 months of the year. Based on the figures of having approximately 8 rooms on average per day available out of 30 is not all that bad, nor is it good. When the ADR is at $103. 71 on average for Dreschler while the average ADR statewide is only $90. 39, it could be possible to offer discounts during slower seasons in order to fill the rooms. Another option would be to offer specials to with surrounding businesses such as wine tasting events, art and museum events, cultural events, bird watching events, and even biking or hiking outings. Potential Improvements Dreschler has quite a bit to offer as far as amenities in whole and the amount of rooms available. I would start with making changes in the rooms, amount of rooms, and types of rooms. For starters, let us cut back on the amount of rooms that are sharing bathrooms and create more privacy for the guest. I would ensure that all rooms and suites have their own lavoratory at minimum. Single rooms with only bedroom setting and sitting nook should have a bathroom with toilet, sink, and shower. There should be a choice of which type of single room a guest would want by changing up the beds. Offer some with two twins, or single twin and hide-a-bed sofa and of course the queen. Next room style would be more like a mini apartment suite. This would have a sitting area separate from the bedroom and bathroom. Also offer the choices of bed set-ups in the larger suites such as double twins, queen, and king. The bathroom would be the same as with the single rooms as well. There has to be a deluxe suite of some sort, a couple would be good like a Honeymoon suite or an Executive suite, or maybe both. The honeymoon suite would be approximately 800 square feet of luxury. The bedroom would be separate from the sitting room, breakfast nook just inside the balcony doors; the bathroom would be private with a bath as well as the toilet, sink, and shower. I would probably suggest this room be on the second floor with a balcony overlooking the garden and possible put a Jacuzzi on this deck. The Executive suite would be geared for business personnel that may be in town or nearby for a convention or meeting of some sort. This room would offer two separate sleeping quarters, sitting area, breakfast nook, full bathroom with toilet, sink, and shower, and a deck as well, that overlooks the garden area. All rooms will be equipped with satellite television, a sound system that is controlled by the guest, alarm clocks, Wi-Fi connection, and air conditioning. Other amenities will include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate in rooms with mini fridges, microwaves, a desk area, literature regarding the history of the surrounding area, community features, events, and activities, and of course for the bathroom we would offer a hair dryer, ironing board that folds up in the wall, and hand lotions, soaps, and shampoos. Other areas of the establishment could be opened up more for private sitting time or just admiring the beauty surrounding the lodge. Breakfast is served at the door of all rooms by 7 a. m. every morning, and consists of cheeses, fresh fruits, juices, yogurts, and fresh baked pastries. I would like to see a public dining area in the garden for those who wish to dine on their morning pastry and coffee in the comfort of the morning sun. Funding Options There are several funding options available since we have no working capital. We could go public and offer shares to raise money to invest into the modifications, but the problem with this is that as a business owner you will not get to keep 100% of the profits; you will be paying your shareholders a dividend. Equity investors will require a percentage of ownership as well as the return on their investment. This can also wind up being costly down the road. Another option is to acquire a loan, but most lending institutes will only lend 60%-70% of the requested amount leaving the borrower having to raise the other 30%-40% in equity. This may not be a bad deal if the equity investor does not demand a large portion of ownership and is patient on returns. Another option is a 7(a) loan since they are the simplest and most common loan type from the Small Business Association. The financing of a 7(a) loan can be guaranteed for a variety of general business purposes such as working capital, machinery and equipment, furniture and fixtures, and debt refinancing (under special conditions). Loan maturity is up to 10 years for working capital and generally up to 25 years for fixed assets (http://www. sba. gov). These types of loans are easily obtained since many banks in America participate in SBA’s program and structure the loans according the requirements of this program. The SBA shares the risk with the bank if the borrower defaults. The eligibility requirements are fairly broad to accommodate the most diverse variety of small business financing needs (http://www. sba. gov). To Convert or Not to Convert A couple of benefits to converting this property to either a timeshare, condominium, or mixed-use property would be a) the immediate cash flow available up front from the rooms being purchased by timeshare holders; and b) therefore the owner does not have to wait for the project to generate a return on investment. Timeshare would be nice in that all rooms would hopefully be sold and utilized throughout the year. The length of time that someone holds a share for can be up to 30 years. The condominium aspect is slightly different in that the investor does not actually use the room but hopes to make an return on his investment in that room. This can pose a problem if there is not much activity in that investor’s room. A mixed use set-up would probably be the most beneficial of the three since it would offer the owner a diverse source of income from a variety of shops and businesses within the hotel. Although, I do not see this being a possibility here since this is a bed and breakfast establishment with over 90 shops within walking distance. You also have the issues of trying to attract high quality brand name partners to work with you, and selling the idea to other investors and possibly lending institutions could pose a real problem if you do not have a complete understanding of the market demands. I think that keeping this bed and breakfast as is would be the most beneficial but the modifications and room upgrades need to be more accommodating to a variety of guests in order to achieve the higher revenues possible. New Name Coming up with a new name for the establishment can be a challenge since I am suggesting the modifications that I am. There is no significant â€Å"one† type of person that I am trying to attract to this establishment, but more of a variety in order to fill all the rooms on a regular basis. I would like to offer up the name of Santa Cruz Country Inn since this is in the heart of Santa Cruz County and offers up the scenic picturesque country side that it does. All of the features of this establishment speak country to me. The bird watching, hiking, natural beauty of the landscape surrounding the inn, the state parks, proximity of the Santa Cruz river, and just the all around peaceful feeling one has when here. I would like to offer a bed and breakfast that makes all who stay desire to return because of the comfort and relaxation that they feel while visiting this fine establishment.Reference http://www.tubaccountryinn.com/accommodations.html

Article About Love Essay

Country, Location, & Flag : The name of my country that I am researching is Poland. Poland is located in the heart of Europe, on the North European Plain. It is bordered by the Baltic sea to the North and Northwest. By Germany to the West, by Ukraine, Belarus. Russia and Lithuania to the east and northeast and by Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south. In general, Poland mountainous in the south with the terrain becoming increasingly flatter toward the north. The flag is just two colors. White on top and red on the bottom. Climate: The climate in Poland is determined mainly by the country’s geographical location. Poland is in the temperate latitudes. The average annual temperature in Poland is about 8’C/46’F and varies for the regions of Poland depending on height above sea level and distance from the Baltic Sea. In the summer, for instance, temperatures are lower in northern Poland because of the Baltic Sea. The lowest temperatures are in the mountains and the highest are in the western and central Poland. Poland sees an average annual rainfall of 600 millimeters. The highest precipitation is in the mountains and uplands and the lowest occurs in the central, lowland areas of Poland. On the average, precipitation in summer is twice that in the winter. In the summer months of June, July and August, showers alternate with dry, sunny weather and the temperature averages about 18’C/64’F; the maximum summer temperature is 40’C/104’F. Early autumn is generally sunny and warm before a period of rainy, colder weather in November begins the transition into winter. Winter, which may last one to three months, is cold and cloudy and brings frequent snowstorms but relatively low total precipitation. The average temperature in January is about -4’C/25’F but it can fall as low as -35’C/-31’F.pring arrives slowly in April, bringing mainly sunny days. Read more:Â  Essay About Love Economic & Political System : Poland has a free market economy. As for the politician system, Poland is a country with a republican political system in which power is concentrated in the citizen’s hands. Poland is a parliamentary democracy which means that all citizens can participate in ruling the state and have a constitutionally guaranteed influence on it’s fate. They also enjoy equal rights. Major Trading Partners : Major trading partners would have to be, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, & Czech Republic. Unique Characteristic and Natural Recourses: Well Poland has beautiful mountains, and one really unique thing I like is that the weddings last about three days. Natural resources of Poland are coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, salt, etc. Custom & Cultural Info: When greeting someone a good handshake, direct eye contact, a smile and the appropriate greeting for that time of day will suffice. Do not use first names until invited to. Moving from the use of formal to the informal names is such an important step. When it comes to eating most meals are served family-style, and always try a bit of everything. Alcohol is also usually poured in a small glass. Quality Of life Compare To U.S : I don’t really see a big difference. In both countries people work, go to school, and do the usual. Currency & Language & Exchange Rate v USD: The currency is zloty and the exchange rate is 0.31 US dollar. National Foods & How To Say Hello: Most popular dish in Poland would have to be pierogi which is my all time favorite! Bigos, kielbasa, golabki are also very popular and yummy as well! Anyways to say hello in polish you simply say, czesc! Educational Opportunities ,Current unemployment Rate ,Life Expectancy & GDP: Education is a little different then here in the US. You start off with kindergarten and it goes all the way up to 8th grade and you stay with your class all 8 years, so you never have new kids in your classes. Then from 8th grade you go to a different school to start high school which is 4 years and once you have your class in 9th you stay with them till 12th. It’s a bit confusing but still pretty simple. As for unemployment rate, the currency is 14%! Life expectancy is 76.25 years and the GDP is 514.5 billion USD. Major Sports & Famous People/ Inventions: They play different sports like basketball and volleyball but of course the major one is SOCCER! My favorite(: As for inventions the bulletproof vest was in fact created by a Polish inventor called Jan Szczepanik in 1901. The vest was made of multiple layers of silk that were specifically woven so that they could stop bullets. The invention turned out be quite successful and the cloth used in the vest passed the practical test when it prevented the assassination of the Spanish king Alfonso XIII. Family Life: They usually just live like we would in the US. Once you are married you go off with your husband and if you have kids then you just stay in a home with them obviously! Not really anything different or unusual! Foreign Trade/ Exports & Imports : I’m not sure if Poland has more exports or imports because It kind of balances out. Most of Poland’s imports are capital goods needed for industrial retooling and manufacturing inputs like machinery. Poland exports fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Papa John’s

Papa John’s Analysis Alex Quiquia 3/19/13 MGMT 4800 Strategic Analysis of Papa John’s Introduction–We already know that Papa John's is a major player in the Pizza industry but what does the future hold for them. One of the business-level strategies that Papa John’s implemented was product differentiation through the use of fresh dough and superior-quality ingredients. John Schnatter believed that other pizza restaurants used inferior ingredients and that he could do it better. This strategy was implemented from the very beginning in the United States.Another successful business-level strategy that focused on product diversification employed by Papa John’s was the use of technology to order pizza. In 2001 they became the first pizza company to offer online ordering. The most significant corporate-level strategy used early on by Papa John’s was mergers and acquisitions. In the late 90s, the company acquired 205 â€Å"Perfect Pizza† resta urants in the UK. They continued aggressively acquiring international restaurants until the early 2000s when they began to focus their acquisition efforts domestically.In just under 30 years since opening its first store, Papa John’s has added over 4,000 stores (papajohns. com). That’s an average of over 140 new stores every year since inception, an incredible pace. They also decided to use the franchisee model. Although this model has its critics, it can be a very useful way to generate revenue without adding to store overhead, etc. The franchisee model has been successful for Papa John’s. Papa John’s was enjoying a 5+ percent average revenue growth rate for the previous five years. The company also boasted one of the highest returns on invested capital in the restaurant category of the markets.Total assets grew steadily from 2003 to 2007 as well. This growth was financed mostly by debt, but debt/equity ratios remained healthy. Apparently Papa Johnâ€⠄¢s holds a competitive advantage in its fresher, higher-quality ingredients. When a customer is looking for a restaurant-quality pizza with ease of delivery, they turn to Papa John’s. External Analysis– During this study, the pizza industry was extremely competitive. Barriers to entry were few and competitors could drive prices for pizza ingredients extremely low, enabling them to easily undercut other competitors’ prices.Food commodity prices also took a 20 percent jump in 2007, which didn’t make the industry any more attractive. One of the attractive features of the industry is that because pizza ingredients are commodities, supplier power is very low. Suppliers cannot dictate prices to buyers, because they can go somewhere else. Buyer power, however, is very high. If someone doesn’t wish to buy a $12. 00 pizza at Papa John’s, they can go across the street to Little Caesar’s for a $5. 00 pizza that tastes almost the same. The two m ajor competitors of Papa John’s are Dominos and Pizza Hut. Both of these companies enjoy a larger market share than Papa John’s.These companies are focused more on price savings than Papa John’s, who is focused on quality pizza. Just like any other sub-section of the food industry, thousands of pizza restaurants are opened each year, which continues to make profits more difficult to obtain. Internal Analysis–The commissary system is an important part of what gives Papa John’s an edge over its competitors. Every Papa John’s restaurant belongs to a subdivided region, and each region has what is known as a commissary. These commissaries send fresh ingredients and cleaning supplies twice per week to all the Papa John’s restaurants within their region.This ensures fresh ingredients and all the supplies needed to clean the restaurants. This also maintains consistency from restaurant to restaurant as all of the commissaries are controlled at the corporate level. By servicing several units from one commissary, labor costs are also driven down. Papa John’s international growth is also an advantage it has over many of its competitors. By taking advantage of all different markets around the world, Papa John’s ensures that business is most likely thriving somewhere at all times. All of these factors create a competitive advantage for Papa John’s.Recommendations Based on this analysis of Papa John’s, the following recommendations are made to help the company continue its profitability. 1. Expand internationally as much as possible. With several stores in diverse locations throughout the world, Papa John’s will be well diversified and able to absorb losses in one area better. 2. Continue to move more toward the franchisee model even more so than they are currently doing. By furthering this model, overhead and administrative costs at the corporate level are drastically reduced. Papa John’s Papa John’s Analysis Alex Quiquia 3/19/13 MGMT 4800 Strategic Analysis of Papa John’s Introduction–We already know that Papa John's is a major player in the Pizza industry but what does the future hold for them. One of the business-level strategies that Papa John’s implemented was product differentiation through the use of fresh dough and superior-quality ingredients. John Schnatter believed that other pizza restaurants used inferior ingredients and that he could do it better. This strategy was implemented from the very beginning in the United States.Another successful business-level strategy that focused on product diversification employed by Papa John’s was the use of technology to order pizza. In 2001 they became the first pizza company to offer online ordering. The most significant corporate-level strategy used early on by Papa John’s was mergers and acquisitions. In the late 90s, the company acquired 205 â€Å"Perfect Pizza† resta urants in the UK. They continued aggressively acquiring international restaurants until the early 2000s when they began to focus their acquisition efforts domestically.In just under 30 years since opening its first store, Papa John’s has added over 4,000 stores (papajohns. com). That’s an average of over 140 new stores every year since inception, an incredible pace. They also decided to use the franchisee model. Although this model has its critics, it can be a very useful way to generate revenue without adding to store overhead, etc. The franchisee model has been successful for Papa John’s. Papa John’s was enjoying a 5+ percent average revenue growth rate for the previous five years. The company also boasted one of the highest returns on invested capital in the restaurant category of the markets.Total assets grew steadily from 2003 to 2007 as well. This growth was financed mostly by debt, but debt/equity ratios remained healthy. Apparently Papa Johnâ€⠄¢s holds a competitive advantage in its fresher, higher-quality ingredients. When a customer is looking for a restaurant-quality pizza with ease of delivery, they turn to Papa John’s. External Analysis– During this study, the pizza industry was extremely competitive. Barriers to entry were few and competitors could drive prices for pizza ingredients extremely low, enabling them to easily undercut other competitors’ prices.Food commodity prices also took a 20 percent jump in 2007, which didn’t make the industry any more attractive. One of the attractive features of the industry is that because pizza ingredients are commodities, supplier power is very low. Suppliers cannot dictate prices to buyers, because they can go somewhere else. Buyer power, however, is very high. If someone doesn’t wish to buy a $12. 00 pizza at Papa John’s, they can go across the street to Little Caesar’s for a $5. 00 pizza that tastes almost the same. The two m ajor competitors of Papa John’s are Dominos and Pizza Hut. Both of these companies enjoy a larger market share than Papa John’s.These companies are focused more on price savings than Papa John’s, who is focused on quality pizza. Just like any other sub-section of the food industry, thousands of pizza restaurants are opened each year, which continues to make profits more difficult to obtain. Internal Analysis–The commissary system is an important part of what gives Papa John’s an edge over its competitors. Every Papa John’s restaurant belongs to a subdivided region, and each region has what is known as a commissary. These commissaries send fresh ingredients and cleaning supplies twice per week to all the Papa John’s restaurants within their region.This ensures fresh ingredients and all the supplies needed to clean the restaurants. This also maintains consistency from restaurant to restaurant as all of the commissaries are controlled at the corporate level. By servicing several units from one commissary, labor costs are also driven down. Papa John’s international growth is also an advantage it has over many of its competitors. By taking advantage of all different markets around the world, Papa John’s ensures that business is most likely thriving somewhere at all times. All of these factors create a competitive advantage for Papa John’s.Recommendations Based on this analysis of Papa John’s, the following recommendations are made to help the company continue its profitability. 1. Expand internationally as much as possible. With several stores in diverse locations throughout the world, Papa John’s will be well diversified and able to absorb losses in one area better. 2. Continue to move more toward the franchisee model even more so than they are currently doing. By furthering this model, overhead and administrative costs at the corporate level are drastically reduced.

Ethical analysis on a contemporary issue in the news Essay

Ethical analysis on a contemporary issue in the news - Essay Example Goldman Company is not an exception to this because; it has been in several occasions engaged in shoddy business. The company is seen as a greedy, with the sole intention of making money, and allowing its managers to acquire large wealth in the process leading to the creation of a negative image. The company is among other companies on Wall Street that are engaged in several business operations, and managed to overcome the storm of the financial crisis, and still doing well despite the challenges facing the company in relation to ethics. The role of the company in ensuring that it collects a lot of money is visible from the inception. The company, Goldman Sachs began in 1869 as a humble company with the sole purpose of clearing for commercial paper. The company founded by Marcus Goldman, and his son in law Samuel Sachs began as a loan provider for small banks. Later the company was influenced with the market environment thus moved from the set idea of the founders to start of the one-on-one loans. The company due to the method of operation led to the market crash of 1929. Despite the negative contribution, the company managed to overcome the negative image and continued to become a greater company with increased revenue and capital. The company engaged customers in making money leading to the development of a new strategy of operation, which created a chance for the company to raise more capital. The approach employed in the system was to create an investment company buys 90% shares. In buying 90% of the investment company shares, Goldman drives the share prices up, and because the shares have been bought by the company. In response, the buyers rush to buy the shares of the company which the Goldman sells at a price higher than the initial buying price. In such case, the company becomes a broker and has defied the honesty issue in business ethics. Goldman by conducting such businesses raises a lot of money. The money

Stata Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stata Project - Essay Example From the above computations, one can be 99% confident that the populations mean support level of the Londoners in support for the â€Å"Living Wage† is between 53.36 and 79.9734 that is basing on a sample of 15 participants. From the calculations, the mean support level of the Londoners in support for the â€Å"Living Wage† was found to be 66.6667 indicating that there exists support of the â€Å"Living Wage† among the Londoners though however it is not a full support. Full support would have meant an average of 100 which is not the case as dictated by the figures. A cross tabulation was done in order to investigate the relationship between the bible and the education level (educ). The table below shows the results generated in stata. From the table it is clear that there is a significant level of dependence between the bible and the education level (educ). The notion that people have of the bible depends to some greater extent on the education scale (level). According to the table, p-value=0.000

Equity andTtrusts- problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equity andTtrusts- problem question - Essay Example 250,000, and if the civil partner /spouse has survived more than 28 days of the deceased , then he is entitled to receive whole of ? 250,000 or less. If the net estate is more than ? 250,000 , then , the first ? 250,000 together with the personal possession to civil partner/spouse. Fifty percent of the balance should be equally shared among kids. The civil partner /spouse will also have the right to the interest on the balance amount of deceased estate during his life time only, and then children of the civil partner /spouse will receive the same in equal shares after the life time of the civil partner or spouse. (www.graysons.co.uk). In case of intestacy, if the claimant is not a registered civil partner or married, then he may not get a share in the deceased property automatically. If the deceased has not provided for the cohabitating partner in some other way, then such partner can make a claim under the provisions of the â€Å"Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Ac t 1975.† In case of cohabitation, the surviving partner has to demonstrate that she or he had maintained either partly or wholly by the deceased. Further, a cohabitating partner has to make the claim within the 6 months from the date of the issue of letters of administration. (www.direct.gov.uk) The position of children’s of cohabitated couple is somewhat awkward under U.K laws. Schedule 1 to the Children’s Ac 1989 offers power to the courts to order some financial relief for the advantage of children despite the status of the parent’s affiliation.(Barrington, A,2001). Stack v Dowden This case was about the rights over a property over which cohabitation partners lived together before their separation. This case codifies new structure within which cohabitant rights are to be decided and will pave to greater simplicity and certainty for future cases. In this case, the cohabitant couples separated after having four children. There was one residential place, w hich was co-owned by them and a suit was filed the estranged male partner for equal division. Finally, the House of Lords upheld the Court of Appeal’s ruling that Ms Dowden was entitled to 65% and Mr. Stack to 35% House of Lords might have given higher share to female partner on considering the factor that she had four children and also contributed substantially for the purchase of that house. (www.publications.parliament.uk). In this case, Pauline Jonathan will be the legal heir of Jonathan Reisberg as she is the daughter of Jonathan’s erstwhile wife. In the problem, it has been stated that they were in separation for the last fifteen years and there is no mention about a divorce. Since Lorraine Lexington is a cohabitating partner, either she or his children have no legal rights to inherit Jonathan’s estate as he died intestate. Lorraine Lexington, as a cohabitating partner can make a claim under the provisions of the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Depen dents) Act 1975. The triplets can seek relief under Schedule 1 to the Children’s Ac 1989 offers power to the courts to order some financial relief for the benefit of children despite of the status of the parent’s relationship. Validity of a Cheque under UK Laws Under UK laws, there is no definite guideline about the validity of a cheque. Banks in UK normally will refuse to honour the cheques if it is more than six months old. However, it is at the discretion of the bank that deals with it. Cheques will

War is Kind - Stephen Crane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War is Kind - Stephen Crane - Essay Example War is Kind - Stephen Crane Corroborating this, the poet writes: â€Å"Great is the battle-god, great, and his kingdom-- A field where a thousand corpses lie†. This is the unending story of wars. The tone of the poem is sarcastic but it is not sarcasm alone but mixed with helplessness of the situation created by war. Apart from the material destruction caused by war which can be replenished, what can never be recouped are the loss of precious lives and the soldier leaves the memories of what has been and what never more will be for his immediate family members, acquaintances and the society at large. As such when the poet mentions that â€Å"war is kind† one must understand the hidden meaning of cruel kindness ingrained in the process of war. One death in the family is like the introduction of the muffled drum in the melodious symphony of an orchestra. The poet reveals this situation by introducing an element of sarcasm specifically in the lines fourteen through sixteen: â€Å"Raged at his breast, gulped and died, Do not weep. War is kind†. When two unrelated words or having contradictory connotations are employed together in structure, but they give a dissimilar meaning, it is a case of oxymoron. Some of the examples in this poem are: â€Å"virtue of slaughter†, â€Å"excellence of killing†, â€Å"splendid shroud†, â€Å"drill and die† and â€Å"blazing flag†. In this poem the poet has made the judicious use of oxymoron and the contrast is effective and likeable and the words the poet has placed together generate vivid meanings.

Work & non-work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Work & non-work - Essay Example This would call for effective planning, that is, creation and maintenance of a working strategy or policy, combined with organizing the available resources and leading/ directing the work force and finding the best combination of resources and capital to match them with the available time span of the project (Drucker & Maciariello, 2008). Effective work management should help both the team members and the management to understand and organize their work better; evolve into a more collaborative process that gives individuals control over what to do and when to do it, and in one way or the other promote specialization to ensure that employees do what they understand best (Easterby-Smith & Thorpe, 2008). This promotes democratization at work place empowering workers to give maximum value giving management the visibility to the totality of the project and other works, and to create workplace harmony by enfranchising workers and/ or and demonstrating the innovative aspect of each worker a t his/her unit. From this we can define work as sustained physical or mental effort; energy expanded by natural phenomenon whereby one exerts strengths or faculties to solve a given problem, or the specific duties and assignments performed by one as means of livelihood and means to achieve a predetermined and mutually beneficial objective. Non-work on the other hand can be viewed as the other activities that do not directly involve exertion of energy/ faculties but are in line with human development process and help to promote productivity (Creager, 2011), time spent away from the chore duties in daily life or work life; usually for pleasure and refreshment or reflection of the previous periods, a prerequisite for productivity at work place. The greater prevalence of single parenthood and dual careers in the workforce has resulted employees trying to juggle between demands at home and work which can result into work- family conflict, where demands of home and work interfere with eac h other making it difficult to combine both activities. This paper will analyze the various job-related relationships, their merits and demerits; causes and their impacts to the work and family environments, evaluation of jobs in relation to technology, social stratification, gender and the nature of the job. Spillover Spillover in this context may refer to the overall impacts of individuals work life, positive and negative, in relation to their personal growth and development and/ or family life, that is, how the individual’s work- perceived emotions affect his/her life and the impacts in other social structure/ environment around him/ her. Spillover can largely be influenced by the need to maintain a work-life balance which involves prioritization, planning and personal organization on career and profession/ lifestyle, that is, pleasure, leisure, spiritual development and meditation and/or health (Young, 2012). A perfect combination of these factors will ensure individual p erforms best at work and in other areas, for instance, good health will ensure an individual performs his/her duties correctively and timely despite the field that one is in as long as there is effective training. The spillover can be positively felt within individual’s social structure, the family and the society, and in the work place in that a clear career definition helps individual plan responsibilities and allocate ample time within the cause of the day, month, or annually; giving him/her time to attend to other functions which are essential for human development (Reis & Sprecher, 2009). For instance, work spillover can be felt through the non-work effects of relaxation of leisure, that is, when an individual has had a break from his natural duties at work (Levis, 2011),

Essay on Declaration of Independence of Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth

On Declaration of Independence of Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions and Stefanie Coontz Too Close for Comfort - Essay Example , was marred by injustices and oppression against different groups who denied equal treatment in matters concerning, taxes, property ownership, and professional development. After Thomas Jefferson wrote the declaration of independence, Americans took over their country form the British and set out to govern themselves with a predefined set of democratic principles as established in the declaration and constitution. Nonetheless, several groups, especially women remained disenfranchised of their rights with the constitution guarantees for â€Å"all men†. Like many works written before it and after it, the declaration was written in masculine pronoun and as such assuming that women cannot be party to the contents, possibly since they are considered subordinate to men. As a reaction to the American treatment of women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted her own version of the declaration of independence. She did this deliberately in the format of Jefferson’s declaration with the intention of attracting the attention of the American public. She was cognizant of the fact that, America’s historical situation had paradigmatically changed and several of the assumptions under which the declaration existed in were not applicable or acceptable to latter day women. This paper examines the two declarations by contrasting and comparing, in order to understand Elizabeth Stanton’s motiva tion for writing and the way it highlighted the inequalities that were tolerated in the declaration of independence. In her declaration, Stanton revisits the landmark lines in the declaration of independence â€Å"we hold that all men are equal† and rewrites the words in to â€Å"we hold that all men and women are equal† (1776). As afore mentioned, the declaration of independence was addressed to the British king who had kept America under his dominance for tens of years, however, the declaration of sentiment was directed to the male oppressors and hence the â€Å"He† used therein is in reference to

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG - Case Study Example In relation to the issues, some people analyzed different things that they could use as ways of justification of the events of the scandals and assumed that it was not a serious issue. For instance, Siemens AG officials did not accept that they had involved themselves in a case of bribery by saying that the money went to the payment of an external consultant. Otherwise, the court determined the case that the money coincided with procurement of some equipment from various international markets during the period. One of the most notable cases in the contract scandals involved â‚ ¬6 million, which some Siemens AG management had paid to some foreign officials involved in a natural gas turbine contract, which Siemens AG wanted to win. Siemens AG had involved itself in several other scandals in Germany and in other countries between 2005 and 2006, and some other cases were under investigations and not yet clarified. In defense, the convicted employees argued that the action was not a vi olation of any law because it never was for a personal gain, and said that it was a plan to secure a productive deal the company needed, and the money was part of the bid. The defense the Siemens employees raised was a misinterpretation of the law because they based their arguments on the issue that, it is the custom of multinational companies, to establish their businesses on bribery and corruption, to win international contracts. This was a deviation from the ethical laws which requires companies to exercise what is right in coming up with business deals that are related to the work they are doing. According to business ethics for multinational companies, an action is moral if doing it does not contravene the culture or the wellbeing of the host country. Although there are differences in culture, in different places in the world, a wrong act remains so regardless of the place of origin of the doer and the people who do it and the perceived benefits to the trading company (Boatrigh t 335). In some cases, differences in culture have influenced the conduct of the people in the business relations because the individuals in the context depend on the perspective of the residents of country in which they trade. Many companies practice double standards which make them neglect some ethical standards they bear from their home countries and in conforming to the standards of the foreign countries, do illegal activities (Boatright 335). This could be the reason why Siemens AG involved itself in different scandals in various countries in order to secure some opportunities in the market, and ensure their competitiveness. Question 2 In failing to extend the term of service of Klaus Kleinfeld, who was the Chief Executive officer (CEO) of Siemens AG, the supervisory board did not do the right thing. The board generalized the issues of the scandals without a clear focus to the criminals in the management in an attempt to clean up the name of the company in the world market. Des pite the fact that the supervisory board of Siemens AG did not get anything to  implicate  directly on  Kleinfeld in any of the scandals; he was an active person in establishing the company as a profitable business (Krishna and Purkayastha 11). The way of thinking of the supervisory board members to clean up the top management without considering the personal contribution of those individuals was a bad generalization. This is because the integrity of the

The benefits of Massage on depression and anxiety Research Paper

The benefits of Massage on depression and anxiety - Research Paper Example There are diverse schools of massage, which yields various forms of massage. Massage therapists frequently combine several techniques, although some therapists (purists) stick to one method. There are several types of massage such as aromatherapy, reflexology, shiatsu massage, relaxation massage, and remedial massage. Deep tissue massage mainly utilizes enhanced pressure to reach deeper levels of muscles (Karen et al. 442). Shiatsu massage also employs deep pressure, while neuromuscular massage employs strong pressure to tender spots (trigger points). There are several theories that attempt to explain how massage might work; however, none of the advanced theories has adequately been proved to be true (Field et al. 125). Some massage therapists and massage therapy schools assert that massage breaks up calcium deposits within the muscle; however, there is no objective validation of this assertion. Some forms of massage such as acupressure, reflexology, and Rolfing Structural Integration possess elaborate theories behind them, but there exists no scientific evidence to back the theories (Dryden and Moyer 94). Another advanced explanation details that massage facilitates healing by reducing the incidence of stress and bringing about relaxation. Massage also gratifies the basic human need to be touched. Massage therapy remains predominantly employed to relieve muscular tension and deliver relaxation. Massage is touted to be helpful as an aid in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions such as attention deficit disorder (ADD), autism, asthma, eczema, low back pain, neck pain, spinal cord injury, and bedsores. Although there is a collection of evidence pointing out that massage may be helpful for diverse forms of medical purposes, the evidence on the efficacy of massage is not strong (Dryden and Moyer 95). Several reasons can be cited for this, with the most outstanding being that even with

My Ambition Essay Example for Free

My Ambition Essay My ambition in life has always kept changing frequently, like as a dancer, as an artist, a writer or a doctor since I like biology . But I have realized that by just liking something that is related to it cannot assure someone to become that. Every ambition has so many fields to look through to achieve. One may not be successful in all the related paths but can be in at least a few. But now I feel its time for me to have a particular goal to reach. I don’t want to be focused completely on it but also want to be flexible at the same time. At home my father always dreams of me becoming a scientist like him, for that’s natural. But if anyone asks me now, about my ambition, may be it’s for sure I would like to tell I would become a scientist. This is not because my family wants it or because of their view, it’s because I have seen how life changes with a job like this. I always think of doing something different from others so that I am being recognized and also to do something new and worthy. A scientist lives with all reality. There is nothing better. I would love to work for the country’s development and to retain its prestige. As far as I have seen, I know that a scientist job would do better for me to do this. I don’t want to be just a scientist but also a researcher. A work becomes a research when one does something which is not known to the person doing which brings out wonders. I would like to learn every moment rather to do what others have done. It may be a hard job to do, but I like being complex. I want to work with others view to improve or invent something that is needed by the world. On a daily basis, I see my father’s work as a scientist or as a researcher discovering something that is unusual. Every day becomes a day to solve problems This very much surprises me . It also won’t be wrong to say that his works, deep involvement, seriousness, ect have actually put an impact on me. I would rather say, he has influenced me to carve out my future. I now dream to get into the field of my father and would put in a complete contribution to achieve my goal, by also having a complete support from my family . By becoming a scientist I will not only fulfill my parents dream but also can fulfill my wishes to live in my own way, with my own ideas like a free bird. I also wish to become a role modal to the rest of the world. The value of achievement lies in achieving. But at the same time I remember that it needs lot of work from now, only then can I turn a dream into reality. Sincere hard work always fetches. It may not just be a proud moment for me, but also for my parents and for my country. The will to succeed can overcome greatest adversity. So, my ambition to become a scientist begins or has already begun.

Treating Alzheimers Disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE)

Treating Alzheimers Disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE) ACE Alzheimers: An adjuvant strategy of treating Alzheimers disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE) ABSTRACT Alzheimers disease (AD) is a chronic and slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder which has become a major concern with regards to health, worldwide. This disorder is characterised by progressive dementia and cognitive decline. Pathologically, AD is characterised by the presence of AÃŽÂ ² plaques and tau neurofibrils. However, literature has shown that oxidative stress is one of the most important risk factor behind the cause of AD. Oxidative stress often leads to production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which further increases structural and functional abnormalities in neurons of the brain, which subsequently, presents as dementia and cognitive decline. In order, to curb the oxidative stress, antioxidants can be of great help. There have been many evidences that supports the use of antioxidants in the treatment for AD. Vitamins A, C and E are an example of antioxidants that can be used as adjuvants in the treatment of AD. This article will focus on current literature and will present forward the evidence based advantages of using Vitamin A, C and E as an adjuvant treatment for AD. Keywords: Antioxidants, ACE, Adjuvant therapy. INTRODUCTION A clinical psychiatrist and neuroanatomist, Alois Alzheimer, reported A peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex to the 37th Meeting of South-West German Psychiatrists in Tubingen, thus marking the discovery of one of the most interesting pathologies in medicine Alzheimers disease. His invention was based on the observations in one his patient named Auguste D, suffering from profound memory loss, unfounded suspicions about her family, and additional worsening psychological changes. Her post mortem findings further revealed dramatic shrinkage of the brain and abnormal deposits in and encircling the nerve cells [1]. AD has proven to be a significant public health issue, as it consumes a major amount of heath budget in developed as well as developing countries. AD has become one of the leading causes of dementia in patients less than 65 years, other causes being Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), vascular dementia (VaD) and alcohol associated dementia [2]. United States alone has documented a $200 billion annual expenditure on patients affected by AD. Moreover, one person develops Alzheimers dementia every 68 seconds emphasizing the incidence of the disease [3]. Dementia can be defined as a chronic progressive disorder marked by memory deficits, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Results from population-based studies have shown a significant relationship between the certain risk factors and development of AD. Increased risk was shown with an increase in age, fewer years of education, and head trauma. Genetic factors do contribute to the early development of AD increased risk with mutations on chromosome 21 (cases of downs syndrome) as it carries the amyloid precursor protein, the presence of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele and the presenilin 1 and 2 genes. The strongest factor identified till date are the apolipoprotein E genes located on chromosome 19 which exists in three forms ÃŽÂ µ2, ÃŽÂ µ3, and ÃŽÂ µ4. ÃŽÂ µ2 has been found to reduce the risk, ÃŽÂ µ3 is found to be neutral whereas ÃŽÂ µ4 has been associated with a tremendous increase in risk as well as early development of symptoms (Figure 1) [4]. Chromosome Genes 21 AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN 19 APOLIPOPROTEIN E 14 PRESENILIN 1 1 PRESENILIN 2 Figure 1. Genetic factors causing a risk to develop Alzheimers Ad is difficult to differentiate from other causes of dementia like LBD, FTD and Vad [5]. It may present with dysfunction of various fields such as vision, touch voluntary movements, personality deficits and judgemental disorders depending upon the area of the brain affected [6].The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimers disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA) has proposed a diagnostic criteria for differentiating between AD and other known causes of dementia. In compliance with NINCDS/ADRDA , AD is diagnosed if: (I) Cognitive functions decline progressively over a period of time including/ not including memory impairment or (Ia) Inability to understand language and verbal commands (aphasia); (Ib) Loss of ability to accomplish tasks due to incoordination of muscles (apraxia); (Ic) Failure to recognise previously known objects and loss of ability to use them(agnosia); (Id) Unable to plan, organise and execute dail y chores; (II) All above mentioned under I do get progressively deteriorated with time; (III) Other known causes of dementia as well as cognitive deterioration must be eliminated [6,7]. Neurofibrillatory tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques have been the initial histopathological findings associated with AD. Recently several other features have been recognised which include degeneration of neuronal synapses, aneuploidy and loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Despite the recent inventions, presence of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular NFT have been taken into account as the main histopathological criteria for establishment of AD [8]. Among all the different hypothesis, AÃŽÂ ² cascade has been the most accepted. Previously, a mutation in beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), which contributes to the normal function of neurons and cerebral development, was thought to be the sole culprit since the accumulation of AÃŽÂ ² proteins had lead to the pathogenesis of AD [9]. Eventually, mutated presenilin genes (both 1 and 2) have been discovered to play a role in the formation of AÃŽÂ ² pools [10]. But the exact mechanism underlying how AÃŽÂ ² a ggregation contributes to the pathophysiology of AD largely remains unclear. Formerly, toxicity of neurons was believed to be caused by intracellular plaques. But recent data has suggested the role of intracellular AÃŽÂ ² proteins, which do not become sequestered into the extracellular plaques, as the toxic triggers stimulating the progression of AD [11]. Recently, it has also been shown that intracellular accumulation of AÃŽÂ ² proteins precedes the formation of extracellular AÃŽÂ ² protein plaques and NFT formation [12]. The role of intracellular AÃŽÂ ² protein in the progression of AD has also been demonstrated in recent experiments on transgenic mice. Results of these experiments indicate that increased deposits of AÃŽÂ ² proteins within the cells are associated with accelerated cell death [13]. Other important causative factors in the development of AD include oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) [14]. Susceptibility to oxidative damage is due to several factors which include relatively lower levels of antioxidants, significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, (these fatty acids rapidly fall prey to ROS), the presence of metallic ions and high oxygen utilisation [15]. Oxidation have been prove to be fatal for several constituents of the cells including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA [16]. Indirect mechanisms do play a vital role in the damaging process. Oxidation has been proven to accelerate the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and accentuate the activity of neuronal NOS (nNOS). This leads to increased production of nitric oxide (NO). NO is known to interact with super oxide anions thus forming a highly reactive peroxynitrite anion. These transient molecules exerts their effects mainly on sulfhydryl groups of cells. [17 ]. The entire process has been depicted in figure 2. Figure 2. Nitric Oxide Pathogenesis In addition to the indirect mechanisms, oxidative stress alters the protein structure. Impaired proteins are known to accelerate oxidative damage, thus proven to be interrelated. ROS causes the protein to be oxidised leading to a modified structure and causing them to be dimerized and aggregated [18]. Thus the oxidised protein which is both structurally and functionally abnormal gather as inclusions within the cytoplasm of the neurons, seen in the form of NFT (tau aggregates) and AÃŽÂ ² plaques [19]. Alternatively, AÃŽÂ ² plaques can also lead to the increased production of ROS. The entire process has been depicted in figure 3. OXIDATION ALTERED PROTEIN STRUCTURE CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS DIMERISATION AGGREGATION Figure 3.Displaying Correlation between Oxidation and Protein Dimerization, thus forming a Vicious Cycle AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) is an abundant species of AÃŽÂ ² proteins seen in AD [20]. AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) peptides is known for its toxicity which can be attributed to a residue of methionine at position 35 [21]. Oxidation of methionine contributes to the formation of methionine sulfoxide, which generally leads to irreversible oxidation and subsequently, forming methionine sulfone [22]. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) can even help the reduction of methionine sulfoxide into methionine [23]. However, the activity of MSR is also observed to be impaired in AD [24]. Methionine peroxide plays an important role in oxidative stress and toxicity caused by AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) peptides. The lone-pair of electrons present on the S atom of methionine undergoes oxidation of one atom and as a result, sulfuranyl radicals (MetS.+) are generated [21,25]. Sulfuranyl radicals are known to trigger the generation of other ROS like sulfoxides and superoxides by interacting with molecular oxygen [26]. The reason behind this intense oxidative damage could be attributed to the relative absence or decreased function of different antioxidant mechanisms of the body. Glutathione is one of the major antioxidant which can protect the brain tissues by causing detoxification of damaging ROS [27]. One of the main reasons of increase in oxidative stress in AD is the decreased glutathione levels in the brain [28]. The other members of the cellular antioxidant mechanism which plays a pivotal role includes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT). SOD is an antioxidant which is responsible for converting toxic superoxide ions into far less toxic hydrogen peroxide [29]. CAT evolves this reaction in to one step further and turns hydrogen peroxide into water [30]. Investigations have revealed that the levels of SOD and CAT decline in patients with AD [31]. Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) represent the other crucial parts of the cellular defence mechanism which acts against oxidative stress. GPx is responsible for the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides [32] and GR accelerates the reaction which helps in the regeneration of Glutathione (GSH) [33]. In total, the combination of an oxidative stress with above mentioned cellular defence mechanism against ROS, leads to the pathogenesis of AD. The pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease is mentioned in Figure 4. Figure 4. Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (MG : Microglia ; AS: Astrocyte; AP: Amyloid protein beta; NFT: Neurofibrillary tangles) ACE ALZEIHMERS: VITAMIN A, C E (ACE) THERAPY   Ã‚   ROLE OF VITAMIN A Vitamin A and beta carotene have been shown to have multiple benefits for people suffering from AD. Various studies have found that patients suffering from AD have significantly lower levels of Vitamin A level and beta carotene in their CSF as well as blood [34]. The development of neurodegenerative disorders has shown to be influenced by Vitamin A and beta-carotene. Vitamin A plays an active role in neuronal development both in early life and in the adult nervous system. It protects and assists in the regeneration of neurons during recovery from neurodegeneration [35]. Inhibition of formation and destabilization of AÃŽÂ ² fibrils is an additional effect of Vitamin A and beta-carotene [35]. Since oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ² fibrils is an important mechanism contributing to neuronal toxicity in AD, Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease the aggregation and oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ²40 and AÃŽÂ ²42 fibrils [36]. It has also been shown that Vitamin A and beta carotene decrease the decline of cognitive function in AD. Moreover, higher levels of these vitamins have been associated with better memory performance and spatial learning in these patients [3436]. ROLE OF VITAMIN C Various studies both in vivo and in vitro have shown to have significant effect in the brain due to decreased levels of vitamin C. Decreased plasma levels despite adequate intake in patients further confirmed the belief of protective effects of vitamin C in the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases [37]. Hence, it can be proved that oxidative stress induces damage in AD and protection against this stress is offered to a certain degree by antioxidant vitamins. The progression of AD is altered by Vitamin C by interfering with various different aspects of pathology. Numerous studies, both in-vivo and in vitro, have shown that Vitamin C can decrease oxidative stress. The structural progression of AD is prevented by Vitamin C by hindering the oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ² peptides [38]. Brain injury induces oxidative stress and reduces the level of antioxidants like vitamin C and SOD. Vitamin C supplementation improves the level of SOD, which consecutively helps to decrease oxidative stress and subsequent brain injury [39]. It has been suggested that even without additional supplementation, a normal intake of Vitamin C can have a neuroprotective effect in patients with AD. Cognitive decline in AD patients has shown to decrease is patients taking adequate Vitamin C [40]. In addition, results from a prospective observational study (n=4740) over a period of 3 years have shown that additional supplementation with antioxidant vitamins like vitamin C and E may be associated with both decreased incidence and prevalence of AD [41]. ROLE OF VITAMIN E Vitamin E represents a cluster of 8 antioxidants composed of 4 tocotrienols and 4 tocopherols. It has been reported that there is a greater risk of neurodegenerative disorders like AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) with lower plasma levels of vitamin E. Additionally, the level of vitamin E metabolic products (5-nitro-ÃŽÂ ³-tocopherol etc.) is shown to increase significantly in AD and MCI [42]. Deficiency of Vitamin E can lead to the damage and destruction of neurons and has been implicated in cases of cerebellar atrophy [43]. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant which can delay the progression of AD at several levels. Increased oxidative stress induced by AÃŽÂ ² plaques is known to be a risk factor for neuronal death and ensuing brain injury in AD. Vitamin E behaves like a scavenger for these free radicals and therefore, is neuroprotective. [44]. Vitamin E also provides protection against AD via various other methods. For example, the 12-lipoxygenase pathway leads to glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by inflammation. Vitamin E can reduce this inflammation induced neuronal death [45]. Furthermore, consumption of vitamin E has been linked with the regeneration of SOD, levels of which are shown to decline in AD [39]. Among the different forms of vitamin E, the greatest degree of protection against AD is provided by ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherols and ÃŽÂ ³-tocopherols [46]. A population-based cohort study of 5395 individuals was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplementation of antioxidants to provide protection against AD. Among all the antioxidants used, results showed that the most significant degree of protection (p=0.02) against dementia and AD was provided by Vitamin E [47]. Moreover, supplementation of 30 International Units of alpha-tocopherols can act as a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD [48]. Conclusion Alzheimers disease represents one of the most significant age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress is one of the most important mechanisms involved in the development and progression of this condition. In order, to curb the oxidative stress, antioxidants can be of great help. The use of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E as adjuvant therapy for AD has always been given consideration. Thus, further clinical research is necessary to study the potential of these vitamins such that it can be integrated into clinical treatment to accelerate the recovery of patients afflicted by this disorder. REFERENCES Alzheimer A, Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde Allgemeine Zeits Psychiat Psychisch Gerichtlich Med 1907 64:146-48. Harvey RJ, Skelton-Robinson M, Rossor MN, The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003 74:1206-09. Alzheimers Association2012 Alzheimers disease facts and figures Alzheimers Dement 2012 8:131-68. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, Hà ©bert R, Helliwell B, Hill GB, Risk factors for Alzheimers disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging Am J Epidemiol 2002 156:445-53. Karantzoulis S, Galvin JE, Distinguishing Alzheimers disease from other major forms of dementia Expert Rev Neurother 2011 11:1579-91. Castellani RJ, Rolston RK, Smith MA, Alzheimer Disease Dis Mon 2010 56:484-546. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimers disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7:263-69. Swerdlow RH, Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease Clin Interv Aging 2007 2:347-59. Zheng H, Jiang M, Trumbauer ME, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Hopkins R, Smith DW, Beta-amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity Cell 1995 81:525-31. 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Butterfield DA, Reed T, Newman SF, Sultana R, Roles of amyloid ÃŽÂ ²-peptide-associated oxidative stress and brain protein modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease and mild cognitive impairment Free Radic Biol Med 2007 43:658-77. Koppenol WH, Moreno JJ, Pryor WA, Ischiropoulos H, Beckman JS, Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide Chem Res Toxicol 1992 5:834-42. Hensley K, Hall N, Subramaniam R, Cole P, Harris M, Aksenov M, Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimers disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation J Neurochem 1995 65:2146-56. Butterfield DA, Kanski J, Brain protein oxidation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with aggregated proteins Mech Ageing Dev 2001 122:945-62. Selkoe DJ, Alzheimers disease: genes, proteins, and therapy Physiol Rev 2001 81:741-66. Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D, The critical role of methionine 35 in Alzheimers amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity Biochim Biophys Acta 2005 1703:149-56. Moskovitz J, Berlett BS, Poston JM, Stadtman ER, Methionine sulfoxidereductase in antioxidant defence Methods Enzymol 1999 300:239-44. Maher P, Redox control of neural function: background, mechanisms, and significance Antioxid Redox Signal 2006 8:1941-70. Gabbita SP, Aksenov MY, Lovell MA, Markesbery WR, Decrease in peptide methionine sulfoxidereductase in Alzheimers disease brain J Neurochem 1999 73:1660-66. Pogocki D, Schoneich C, Redox properties of Met(35) in neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide. A molecular modeling study Chem Res Toxicol 2002 15:408-18. Milller B, Williams T, Schoneich C, Mechanism of sulfoxide formation through reaction of sulfur radical cation complexes with superoxide of hydroxide ion in oxygenated aqueous solution J Am Chem Soc 1996 118:11014-25. Dringen R, Gutterer JM, Hirrlinger J, Glutathione metabolism in brain: metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons in the defence against reactive oxygen species Eur J Biochem 2000 267:4912-16. Saharan S, Mandal PK, The emerging role of glutathione in Alzheimers disease J Alzheimers Dis 2014 40:519-29. Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ, Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression Free Radical Biol and Medi 2002 33:337-49. Chelikani P, Fita I, Loewen PC, Diversity of structures and properties among catalases Cell Mol Life Sci 2004 61:192-208. Marcus DL, Thomas C, Rodriguez C, Simberkoff K, Tsai JS, Strafaci JA, Increased peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimers disease Exp Neurol 1998 150:40-44. Arthur JR, The glutathione peroxidases Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 57:1825-35. Shigeoka S, Onishi T, Nakano Y, Kitaoka S, Characterisation and physiological function of glutathione reductase in Euglena gracilis z Biochem J 1987 242:511-15. Bourdel-Marchasson I, Delmas-Beauviex M-C, Peuchant E, Richard-Harston S, Decamps A, Reignier B, Antioxidant defences and oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes and plasma from normally nourished elderly Alzheimer patients Age and Ageing 2001 30:235-41. Ono K, Yamada M, Vitamin A and Alzheimers disease Geriatrics Gerontol Intl 2012 12:180-88. Takasaki J, Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Ikeda T, Morinaga A, Takashima A, Vitamin A has anti-oligomerization effects on amyloid-ÃŽÂ ² in vitro J Alzheimers Dis 2011 27:271-80. Rivià ¨re S, Birlouez-Aragon I, Nourhashà ©mi F, Vellas B, Low plasma vitamin C in Alzheimer patients despite an adequate diet Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998 13:749-54. Montilla-Là ³pez P, Muoz-à gueda MC, Feijà ³oLà ³pez M, Muà ±oz-Castaà ±eda JR, Bujalance-Arenas I, Tà ºnez-Fià ±ana I, Comparison of melatonin versus vitamin C on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimers disease induced by okadaic acid in neuroblastoma cells Eur J of Pharmacol 2002 451:237-43. Ishaq GM, Saidu Y, Bilbis LS, Muhammad SA, Jinjir N, Shehu BB, Effects of ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in the severity and management of traumatic brain injury in albino rats J Neurosci Rural Pract 2013 4:292-97. Harrison FH, A critical review of Vitamin C for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimers disease J Alzheimers Dis 2012 29:711-26. Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study Arch Neurol 2004 61:82-88. Mangialasche F, Xu W, Kivipelto M, Costanzi E, Ercolani S, Pigliautile M, Tocopherols and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairment Neurobiol Aging 2012 33:2282-90. Aoki K, Washimi Y, Fujimori N, Maruyama K, Maruyama K, Yanagisawa N, Familial idiopathic vitamin E deficiency associated with cerebellar atrophy Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1990 30:966-71. Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, Butterfield DA, Vitamin E prevents Alzheimers amyloid ÃŽÂ ²-peptide (1-42)-induced neuronal protein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production J Alzheimers Dis 2000 2:123-31. Khanna S, Parinandi NL, Kotha SR, Roy S, Rick C, Bibus D, Nanomolar vitamin E ÃŽÂ ±-tocotrienol inhibits glutamate-induced activation of phospholipase A2 and causes neuroprotection J Neurochem 2010 112:1249-60. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Aggarwal NT, Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to cognitive change Am J Clin Nutr 2005 81:508-14. 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Role of Nature in the Evolution of Modern Cities

Role of Nature in the Evolution of Modern Cities

Free Essays - Love and Hate in A Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

Love and hate are both emotions that are used in our attempt to express ourselves to certain people. Like it or not, although hate is more sinister of the two, without hate, the scales would be upset. We cannot always get the best of everything. However, in the novel " A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens, hate only adds to the story's appeal. In the novel, both emotions are displayed by the characters in the book through the actions they carry out and the words that they speak, even though it can be justified that there are more examples of love than hate. The love between Lucie Manette and her father, as well as that of Charles Darney and Lucie and indeed many other characters are just some of the many examples of love. The more baleful emotion of hate is also revealed many times in the novel, by the French commoners and especially by Madame Defarge when it came to Charles Darney being an aristocrat and the suffering of her own family. The first strong example of love we read about in the novel is that of Lucie Manette and her father, Dr Manette who has been kept in the Bastille for eighteen years. Lucie meets him with the help of another character, Mr Javis Lorry, and tells her father that his agony is over and that she'll bring him to London and away from his previous sufferings. Later in the story, the night before Lucie is to be wedded to Charles Darney, we learn that Lucie has saved her last day as a single woman to be with her father and to reassure him that she'll still be with him even though she is to be married. "Lucie was to be married tomorrow. She had reserved this last evening for her father, and they sat alone under the plane-tree."( Pg 174 ) Throughout the whole conversation with her father that evening, it is evident that her love for her father prevails even that between Charles and herself. "If I had never seen Charles, my father, I should have been quite happy with you."( Pg 175 ) The affection for her father does not go only one way. Her father's for Lucie is also clear as we can see by the following quote: "Quite sure my darling! More than that, my future is far brighter, Lucie, seen through your marriage, than it could have been - nay, than it ever

Nucleic Acids :: essays research papers

DNA is the single most important molecule found within cells. It is a stable polynucleotide, which contains coded information for inherited characteristics. It is contained in chromosomes in the nucleus of an eukaryot cell. The essential features of the Watson-Crick model are summarised below. 1. The two helical polynucleotide chains are coiled around a common axis. The two chains have opposite polarity i.e. they are antiparrallel. 2. The regular repeating sugar phosphate backbone of each strand lies on the outside of the helix. The purine and pyrimidine bases project inwards at 900 to the axis of the helix. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between pairs of bases such that guanine always pairs with cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine; this is called complementary base pairing 3. The diameter of the helix is 2.0 nm and adjacent bases are separated by 0.34 nm and inclined at 360 relative to each other. This means that each complete turn of the double helix contains about 10 base pairs. 4. The amount of guanine is usually equal to that of cytosine. The monomers of RNA and DNA are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: A Five Carbon or Pentose Sugar The sugar will be one of two very similar pentose rings. Ribonucleic acids contain the sugar ribose. Deoxyribonucleic acids contain the sugar deoxyribose. The only difference between these two sugars is that deoxyribose contains one oxygen atom less than ribose. Pentose sugars are essential because they are involved in linking different nucleotides together by condensation reactions. The Nitrogen-Containing Bases There are two types of bases found in nucleic acids. The purine bases have two nitrogen containing rings, while the pyrimidines have only one. In DNA the purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidines are cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In RNA the purine bases are the same as in DNA, but the pyrimidines are cytosine and uracil (U). These rings have the chemical property of being bases because of the nitrogen atoms they contain. Adenine always forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine. Cytosine always forms 3 hydrogen bonds with guanine. Nucleic Acids :: essays research papers DNA is the single most important molecule found within cells. It is a stable polynucleotide, which contains coded information for inherited characteristics. It is contained in chromosomes in the nucleus of an eukaryot cell. The essential features of the Watson-Crick model are summarised below. 1. The two helical polynucleotide chains are coiled around a common axis. The two chains have opposite polarity i.e. they are antiparrallel. 2. The regular repeating sugar phosphate backbone of each strand lies on the outside of the helix. The purine and pyrimidine bases project inwards at 900 to the axis of the helix. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between pairs of bases such that guanine always pairs with cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine; this is called complementary base pairing 3. The diameter of the helix is 2.0 nm and adjacent bases are separated by 0.34 nm and inclined at 360 relative to each other. This means that each complete turn of the double helix contains about 10 base pairs. 4. The amount of guanine is usually equal to that of cytosine. The monomers of RNA and DNA are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: A Five Carbon or Pentose Sugar The sugar will be one of two very similar pentose rings. Ribonucleic acids contain the sugar ribose. Deoxyribonucleic acids contain the sugar deoxyribose. The only difference between these two sugars is that deoxyribose contains one oxygen atom less than ribose. Pentose sugars are essential because they are involved in linking different nucleotides together by condensation reactions. The Nitrogen-Containing Bases There are two types of bases found in nucleic acids. The purine bases have two nitrogen containing rings, while the pyrimidines have only one. In DNA the purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidines are cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In RNA the purine bases are the same as in DNA, but the pyrimidines are cytosine and uracil (U). These rings have the chemical property of being bases because of the nitrogen atoms they contain. Adenine always forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine. Cytosine always forms 3 hydrogen bonds with guanine.

Compare and Contrast the Demographic Perspectives of Thomas Malthus and Karl Marx with respect to the causes and consequences of population growth Essay

â€Å"As we venture further into the 21st century, the global population seems to be growing at an alarming rate. By 2030 the world is to home of estimation 8.3 billion, as compared to 6.12 billion just 30 years prior.† (UN 2008) This quote speaks to the increasing population growth that the world is facing right now. A demographic perspective is an understanding of how the causes of population are related to the consequences. Thomas Malthus and Karl Marx are population theorists who are concerned with the control of the population, modernization and economic growth, to name a few. Firstly, Poverty was one of the leading problems that both sociologists saw would come out of the population growth. However they both ascertain it to two different causes. â€Å"Population growth is generated by human beings who like other species are driven by a special urge to reproduce.† (Malthus) Malthus posited that it was due to persons in poverty with all their free time and their timeless passion that poverty is on the rise. He believes that persons in poverty because they have nothing to do during the day just engage in sexual activity and reproduce causing population growth at an exponential level. On the other hand Marx attacked the writing of Thomas Malthus retorting that â€Å"free time to have sex† wasn’t the cause but in fact the cause was an exploitation of the workers by the owners of the means of production. He attested that the specific relations of exploitation which obtained at that time between wage workers and capitalists, and the antagonistic relations between the landed and the industrial interests, changing them into the operation of the natural law of necessity that manifests itself through positive checks to population growth. Furthermore Marx and Malthus differ in opinions on if society continues to increase can they survive i. e. feed themselves. Malthus in his essay on the Principle of Population (1798), Malthus presented a startling idea. He theorized that the population grew exponentially (i.e. 2,4,6,8 etc), whilst food supply grew arithmetically (i.e. 1, 2, 3 etc). This idea, dubbed the ‘Malthusian Equation’, was seen as proof that the world population would inevitably outstrip food supply. The result, he believed, would be human anarchy. The population would thus be dramatically reduced, as many ‘the majority being poor’ would die from starvation. This can be supported with the study in Calcutta; India which has witnessed unbridled population growth. In the streets of the city, which are notorious for being the dirtiest and most densely populated in the world, thousands starve to death. (Musapha, 2006). However Marx did not feel the same way as he disputes Malthus’ statement about society not being able to last. Marx postulates that the food supply is not threatened by over-population. He claims that with the use of technology it is possible to produce food and other goods needed to meet the demand of a growing population. Therefore the growing population would survive as technological advancements would make it possible. Nevertheless the issue of over-population is a key issue to be discussed. These two sociologists see differing arguments when it comes to over-population. Malthus believes that over-population would lead to famine, pestilence and war which would act as a natural limit to human population increase. In order to combat the imminent demise of the human race, Malthus suggested preventative and positive checks. He was particularly critical of the poor, who he saw as thorns in the side of society. He was a strong advocator of the abolition of the â€Å"Poor Law†, a welfare system which he believed encouraged the poor to reproduce themselves. He saw no reason to pay the poor as they wouldn’t be able to ameliorate their position and would continue to be a ‘parasite’ on society. Instead he advocated that the money be given to the upper classes, so they could contribute to high society: art, science etc. He believed strongly that it was the poor who were to be eradicated and the rich to take the dominion of the world and carry on the rich legacy. In Herbert’s Spencer this was â€Å"survival of the fittest†. On the contrary Marx’s most robust criticism of Malthus’ theory is the latter’s opinion that the poor are culpable for the global demise. He believes that it is not the poor that is to be blamed for the population surge, but the rich. He believes that in an effort to accumulate and expand capital growth, the rich rely heavily on the poor to reproduce themselves. This is because when there is a large labour force but a scarcity of jobs the worker, in his desperation for employment, will work for anything. Thus the capitalists are able to keep wages very low and a â€Å"reserve army of labour† is endangered, who will work at anytime for anything. The bourgeoisie brainwash the proletariat into thinking that large families will result in greater chances of employment, and as a result, population sees a marked expansion. Therefore, in Marx’s eyes, Malthus’ theory in the capitalist’s attempt to rectify social phenomena and blame the poor for something that is not their fault. In closing, both the Malthusian and Marxist theories on demographics have their similarities and differences. There are tenets of their ideas coming through in all aspects of modern society. However, to apply only one to the current situation is a flawed approach, as there must be a combination of the best elements of the two.

Narrative on `The Dream of the Rood`

As the outgrowth kn knowledge stargaze poem in side of meat literature, The vision of the crucifix has stood as one of the most celebrated and unfathomed works in verse approximately the world. Along with a penetrating, mystical sight of Christian spirituality and illuminating biblical allusion, the poem offers a diverse and shake form and verbalism to match its mightily bag and images. The ambition of the rood-tree is lift out understood as an imaginative re-enactment of a private penitential experience This critically acclaimed, striking Old English poem is the head start dream-vision in English, and its most enduring features atomic number 18 a startling use of dustup, healthy prosopopoeia, and striking imaging. (Butcher)Along with religious imagery which overtly signals the spiritual and penitential themes of the poem, The Dream of the rood extends truly original language and meter to propel its impact. The basic score of the poem may have been move from earlier sources, poems which utilized the same theme an older poem describing the agony of the Naz arne which may possibly have been create verbally by Caedmon or one of his school, and which Cynewulf took up and worked at in his own fashion, adding to it where and how he pleased, and changing its mode of presentation making it, for instance into a dream, and adding the personification of the Tree. (Brooke 438) using the theme of Christs crucifixion allowed the poet to soar into inventiuve language and word-choice, to establish verse which addressed the spiritual and religious impulses of the Anglo Saxon world More explicitly in what is peradventure the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon Christian poems, The Dream of the Rood, the poet represents the Crucifixion as a physically active and elevated act. (Crafton 214)This basic story is both unreserved and mystical the speaker tells of his swefna cyst, best of dreams, in which he sees the cross of the crucifixion, alter nately bej eweled and bloody, in the sky. The cross then speaks, giving its own first person account of the animosity of Christ, and encouraging the dreamer to spread the centre of the cross to his contemporaries. (Dockray-Miller) In order to pay off the luminous and exalted feeling of intensity and religious intoxication which permeate the poem, the poet intermeshed in the use of language which is both striking and deeply connotative.In generating the storey of the poem, the poet resorted to the use of gender-charged or gender-specific language, to personify and allot qualitites to the elements of the poem which would enable its message to make out powerfully.Particularly concerned with how language could be used to signal a berth of power, the poet of The Dream of the Rood used masculine- and feminine-coded language to signal a change in the status of power-figures. (Hawkins)Evidence of controlled and inspired diction is obvious from the poems scuttle lines the poet announces he wi ll recount the swefna cyst, or best of dreams, the first-time reader thinks nothing of the joint except that it signifies excellence in dreaming, perhaps however, on second and third passes by means of the poem, the reader becomes aware that this diction deserves fold scrutiny the poet is establishing that both his narrators dream and the tree in that dream are the best that is to say, they are ultimate truth. (Butcher).Likewise, the tree, describe first in the poems fourth line as syllicre tr?eow, an infrangible use of the comparative syllicre, meaning a tree more marvelous than each other tree. Syllic is a variation of the adjective seldlic, from which our seldom comes. Thus, syllicre tr?eow can also be translated rarest tree. Immediately, the poet has established the exceptional nature of his subject. (Butcher). plant CitedBrooke, Stopford A. The History of Early English books Being the History of English numbers from Its Beginnings to the Accession of King Aelfred. New Yo rk Macmillan, 1892.Crafton, gutter Michael. 11 Epic and Heroic Poetry. A Companion to Old and Middle English Literature. Ed. Laura Cooner Lambdin and Robert Thomas Lambdin. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 2002. 210-229.Dockray-Miller, Mary. The Feminized Cross of The Dream of the Rood.. Philological Quarterly 76.1 (1997) 1+.Hawkins, Emma B. Gender, language and Power in The Dream of the Rood. Women and Language 18.2 (1995) 33+.Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. The Dream of the Rood and Its Unique, Penitential Language 1+www.carmenbutcher.com 2-5-07.

The Adoration of Jenna Fox

The awe of Jenna confuse- Essay Would your conscience be clear fucking that you illicitly modified someone to save their vivification? This survival of the fittest was made by enkindles Claire and Mathew Fox. The Adoration of Jenna Fox tells the story of a p arents hard finding to genetic in ally turn their daughter Jenna with BioGel. With this major decision, comes many side effects, including the loss of most her memory, thereof she questions what it is to be charitable. This essay discusses the effect on non only Jenna, that her parents, her granny k non Lily and her new friend Allys.Jenna develops anger towards her parents, non for their decision to her modify, but the fact they be to her. In Details (130), Jenna asks her parents Why didnt you tell me? The minute I woke up? Didnt I deserve to know? This series of short rhetorical questions plough a lot of Jennas feelings of macrocosm confused and angry. She also answers her own questions because she doesnt wan t to hear the answer. When her parents wont discuss what happened, Jenna starts digging to find answers. In Denied (134), Jenna says The pieces speak, but there are non enough.Yet Jenna says this to herself to reassure her that she will eventually plump in society. This line also contains private meanings including the fact that she cannot understand the events that occurred. Similarly, the line Uploaded? You uploaded my flair? ( founding father -117) also uses rhetorical questions. The use of the intelligence activity you once again, shows her anger towards her parents in a direct manner. It makes them feel bad for their deceitfulnesss and the secrets they kept, indeed Jenna starts to question kind-heartedness and what are human qualities.Throughout the book, Jenna questions whether her parents decision was compensate or wrong- not lawfully, but morally. She constantly asks herself whether the weft to modify her was for her or her parents benefit, or whether she was jus t a lab pet for her fathers experiments. In Lily (126), Lily and Jenna take hold one of their first-year real conversations I said good-bye. I grieved. Then a few hours later, your parents told me what they had done. And you impression it was wrong? Im not like your parents.I think there are worse things than dying. Jenna is very surprised of Lilys honesty and starts to appreciate their relationship. Lily is obviously against the Foxs decision to modify Jenna and believes that Jenna has the right to know. This leaves Jenna to believe that her parents decision was for their benefit only. As Lily and Jennas relationship strengthens, Jenna is more leave to listen to Lilys onion and what she has to say. nonpareil example of this is from The Greenhouse (142). Im sorry, she says. But Im not sorry I told you. It just isnt right. This is another example of the Foxs wrong decisions and how Lily and Jennas relationship tightens. By this time, Jenna becomes certain that modifying her was for her parents benefit and in command Jenna confronts her parents to find they are only make excuses. Another bad choice is show in Backup (189). I know, mystify. I sit down in the chair opposite him. Theres those three people in the closet, too. now thats what I call a disability. Jenna says this in a sarcastic way. This is when Jenna starts to pee anger towards her parents because they are continuing to lie and make excuses. She is at the point where she doesnt trust her parents and believes that have done of all timeything wrong. Jenna starts to comprise action against her parents in A political platform (239), and with the help of Lily, they free the minds of Kara, Locke and herself. By this time, Jenna believes that Claire and Mathew have broken any relationship they ever had with her.With the Foxs decision, they didnt undulate to break the law to save their daughter- but at what consequences. An example of this is in Father (121). Im illegal arent I? Thats why we travel here. Were hiding out. Jenna questions bio-medical morality and the nature of the soul. She not only questions whether bio-engineering legally right, but morally. As soon as Jennas parents modified her, they pushed their relationship. In twenty-four hour period One/ New Jenna, the following split discusses moral ethics. Does that make you an authority on everything?What about a soul, Father? When you were busybodied implanting all your neural chips, did you think about that? Did you snip my soul from my old consistency too? Where did you put it? Show me Where? Where in all this groundbreaking technology did you confine my soul? This shows one of the consequences of her parents decision. Jenna hates them for lying and their choice to modify her. She starts to realise that theres more to being human and that the choice to engineer her has taken away all humanity within.Similarly, the line At least(prenominal) with the FSEBs current point body in place, right? (V iewpoint 200) expresses Allys view towards bio-engineering. twain Allys and Jenna question whether the FSEB can regulate humanity and whether it considers emotions from the soul. In conclusion, Claire and Mathew Foxs decision to modify Jenna had many consequences including the destruction of relationships. Jenna believes that her modification was only for her parents benefit and it was humanely wrong. This is expressed through Jenna, Lily, Allys and Claire and Mathew Fox.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Becoming American

Dinesh DSouza was innate(p) in Mumbai, India to p arnts from the narrate of Goa in western India. He grew up in a bourgeois family in Mumbai. His perplex was a chemical substance poke out his beat is an baron secretary. He was raised(a) with egress non bad(p) luxury, just straight appearance neither did he miss for of all timeything. He arrived in the unite States in 1978, origin alto fillhery shame a plenitude planetary program, attendance Patagonia kernel elevated feign aim in Patagonia, Arizona, and indeed prevail to Dartmouth College, where he gradatory Phi beta Kappa in side of meat in 1983.In 1981, DSouza make the name c solelying of officers of the alert learner compact in an clause for The Dartmouth Re involve, including the name of those who were unbosom closeted. p readiness of land at Dartmouth, DSouza became the editor of a materialistic monthly c exclusivelyed The Prospect. The opus and its spellrs kindled a long deal fray du ring DSouzas editorship. later(prenominal) on, D Souza produce a lot of spell up with take to his spick-and-span support invoice in the States.DSouza suit commensurate-bodied to flesh out the ascertainings and feeling of an immigrant glide path from a three several(prenominal)ly conception scope, for him (DSouza), as a vernal arrival in the States he feel a typic go through that parachute amidst wonders and delight. DSouza added that, the States is a kingdom where all quite a fiddling has freedom, grueling stimulateing, the community is organized, the sparing is abundant, the roadsteadtead be by rights paved, remember has telephone dial tone, full(prenominal)ways and chump control panel be all the way and accurate. More over, the pen claimed that the Statesn political sympathies provides an astonishingly unassailable sprightliness for their nondescript citizen.Rich peck cost nearly everywhere, just this instant what distinguishes the States is that it provides a unusually high example of accompaniment for the reciprocal man. tally to him (DSouza) that a rustic is non judged by how it treats its to a greater extent or less flush(p) citizens solely by how it treats the comely citizen. The crusade added, as an immigrant orgasm from a third earth orbit, you privy non service nonicing that the States is a bea where paltry wad function relatively salubrious they had television dodge sets and cars.Ordinary Ameri erects not completely sleep with aegis and dignity, just in whatsoever case conveniences that otherwise societies stand-in for the elite. the Statesn histrion curiously in face regularly earn 4$ for a cappuccino, where maids bm skilful cars, where plumbers take their families on pass to Europe. If this luxuriant upkeep in the States as compargond to the sustenancetime in the three virtually military personnel country, all of us stool figure that large g ap. Because concord to the writer, the animation in the 3rd creative activity country was miserable, mass atomic number 18 stress for their to a lower placelying existence, it is not that they dont nominate hard.On the contrary, they wear upon ever and snuff it hardships that ar nearly unimaginable to plurality in the States. In the villages of Asia and Africa, for example, a gross disposition is a sodbuster tanning a picking into the ground, women coggle under levelheaded loads, children carrying stones. These deal atomic number 18 performing gravid labor, muchover they ar acquiring nowhere. The stovepipe that they can foretaste for is to die for other day. Their wearing app arl are tattered, their teething are rotten, and affection and end unceasingly loom over the horizon.For intimately unequal lot on the planet, flavor is characterized by squalor, indignity, and brevity. The compose sited nigh worry with ascertain to the daub o f a threesome populace country are their basic fundament is abysmal. The roads are not correctly paved, the wet is not undecomposed to drink, pollution in the cities has reached godforsaken levels, customary loony toons is overcrowded and unreliable, economical is doubtful and in that location is a biyearly delay geological period to contri onlye a telephone.The peaked(predicate) overhaul authorities officials are necessarily corrupt, which way that you moldiness(prenominal) invent bribes to get things done. close important, prospects for the childrens prospective are dim. Dinesh DSouza has work umpteen moderatenesss wherefore the States is so great, he was able to discussed some sleep with with escort to the Statess compare, following of felicity, the morality of work, ghost uniform liberty, ideals and affair and the Statesns virtue. gibe to the author, the Statesn critics asseverate that the memorial of coupled States is be by a series of crimes, bondage and genocide.the Statesn critics even off tailor out a charter for apologies for these historical offenses and influencek fiscal reparations for minorities and African-the Statesn. unagitated the equity is that the Statesn has deceased upgrade than some(prenominal) confederation in establishing equality of rights. As documented by William Mcneill in Plagues and People, it was ascertain that poetry of Indians did get going as a termi province of their connection with whites, but close of them died by spotting diseases such as smallpox, measles, malaria, terabyte for which they had not demonstrable immunities.Surely, all of this is applicable to the reparations debate. A discrete watching that this sequel was tout ensemble meliorate is the vex of Muhammad Ali a agnisest George antique for the hulk title, for which this passage of arms was held in the African nation of Zaire. The a duet with attentiveness to thraldom proved to be the infection rap music that brought Africans into the orbit of westward prosperity and freedom. Blacks in the States befool a higher(prenominal) measuring stick of vivacious and more(prenominal) freedom than any like assemblage of blacks on the continent of Africa.DSouza, verbalize that all this allegation is not purely straightforward, for a a few(prenominal) decades now we can see blacks and some minorities prolong enjoyed more rights and privileges than whites. The undercoat crumb this is that the States had use approbative performance policies that give levelheaded preferences to minority groups in university admission, jobs and judicature contracts. The author illustrates the rocking horse of happiness in America because it contributes more probability and kind mobility than any other country. As a cosmosation of fact, to the highest degree societies offer hold in opportunities for and little run across of true cordial mobility.Even in Europ e, complaisant mobility is relatively restricted. On the other hand, DSouza discussed the value-system of work in America that gives a economic counselling in which termination and the futurity retire from familiar view. The citizenry gazed are shifted from e thereal inhalation to profane progress. In America, American Founders are responsible for(p) for the change, plan from the intake of innovative philosophers like Locke and ten Smith. The American Founders knew that they could not transform tender-hearted nature, so they devised a system that would embarrass the schemes of the stiff and carry on the energies of flawed persons toward the public good.The spiritual and social variety in America does not lead to constitutional delirium there was loosely no theoretical account fro good deal to coexist harmoniously, although America has a lot of phantasmal groups, such as Hindus, Muslims, Irish Catholics and Irish Protestant, Jews and Palestinians and e tc. The authorities still managed to equaliser the grow and sacred divagation of their citizen. unitary reason that legal separation of righteousness and organization worked is that compound America was do up of numerous, in the main Protestant sects. The Puritans dominate in momma the Anglicans, in Virginia the Catholics were hard in doctor and so on.The sulphur reason was, the American Founders were able to reduce apparitional subjection and involution ii which they rear a way to express plentys energies apart from theological quarrels and into commercial activity. DSouza think his write up that America is the greatest, freest, and most(prenominal) becoming beau monde in existence. For him, America is an haven of duty in a leave of cynicism and ferociousness and the history will view America as a great enable to the world, a hold that Americans at present must hold on and cherish. He imagines that, if ever he remained in India, what believably i s his liveness now?Would he find and marital a cleaning woman who was analogous of his religion, socio-economic and ethnic background? Would he certainly flummox a medical examination doctor, an form or a software product coder? For him, as a writer, he considers his life as a articled one, the fortune to transmigrate in America became his bridge to gain his victor in life today. Bibliography Bookstove, Nov. 16, 2007. What so cracking round America. Stanza Ltd. April 08, 2007. http//www. bookstove. com/Non-fiction/Whats-So-Great-About-America-by-Dinesh-Dsouza. 59078/1