The Kernel Of Roman Society - 1258 Words

Rosemaria Varghese HUMA 4312 Critical Paper II Paterfamilias: the Kernel of Roman society Introduction In the Latin epic poem The Aeneid, the legendary poet Virgil presented various central moral principles that the Roman civilization fostered and adhered during his epoch. However, the discernible emphasis that Virgil placed on the relationships of fathers and sons highlights the underlying signification that these relationships became the genesis of Roman society. Virgil cogently rendered multifaceted father-son relationships that the Roman society upheld by exhibiting how Aeneas endures as the progenitor to the diasporic Trojan populace, how two princes demise for their fathers’ ideals, and how astute fathers applaud and condemn from beyond the grave. Patriarch for his people Primarily, Virgil revealed Aeneas, the protagonist of The Aeneid, as a loving father to his son Ascanius, and a dutiful patriarch to the disbanded Trojans. Firstly, Virgil depicts Aeneas as an affectionate â€Å"father Aeneas† and â€Å"fond father, always thoughtful of his son† (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 877-881). The paternal responsibility Aeneas have for his son later magnifies not only towards the exiled Trojans under his care, but also to the whole Roman civilization to come. In the beginning of Book I, Aeneas emerges as a fugitive captain driven by destiny, and a man devoted to his mission to find a city for his gods and his people (The Aeneid, Virgil, B. I, 5-16). The destiny that Aeneas is toShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts1473 Words   |  6 Pageswere a result of the strict Puritan society, which was actually primarily untrue. The Salem Witch Trials were not enacted as a result of Puritanism, but rath er as a result of circumstance surrounding Rye. At the surface, the Salem Witch Trials appear to have resulted from the conformist nature of the predominantly Puritan New England society. The Puritans emigrated over to what is now New England, mainly during the â€Å"Great Migration† of the 1630’s. Their society prospered largely due to their homogenousRead More Modernist Movement in Fords Good Soldier and Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway1625 Words   |  7 Pagesitself, heading toward disaster† (53). Even while the quartet is falling apart, however, they still put on the proverbial brave face and, to all outward appearances, are just fine. This can be applied to the world at large. Ford also exposes the evil kernel within the hearts of mankind. To others, these are â€Å"good people,† but they hold a core of blackness inside. Moving from the dissection of Dowells unreliable narration and the novel as a macrocosm of the world at large, a later critic choseRead MoreFashion Evolution of Clothing in Sri Lanka over the Centuries2125 Words   |  9 Pagesdry. They made the clothes by cutting hides ii to desire shapes making holes for the head and arms and draping round the body. In the Iron Age, iron became the most common thing and the development of the sewing needles led to the construction of roman robes. Analysis of bog bodies show that dyed clothing became fashionable unlike just natural white, brown and gray colour wool made clothes. Instead, the clothes were colorful and patterned because man’s need had become complex and people become fashionableRead MoreThe Group Of Warrior Women1984 Words   |  8 Pagessome wisp of an idea twisted into a myth or only characters in somebody s mind but were flesh and blood. People today are not the only ones who have been fascinated with the Amazons. The Amazons were immensely popular with the Greeks and even the Romans. They were intrigued by these warrior women who in the stories â€Å"fought for glory and survival and enjoyed male companionship† in a way that was foreign and astounding to them (Pambo-liu.2014). The Amazons as a people and what they did was a far-offRead MoreBrandon Duong. Professor Wetrick. English 1B. 8 February1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthese accusations made against video games and violence. Many people believe that playing video games will lead you down a path of anger and evil, but this isn’t the truth at all playing video games doesn’t have to lead you to becoming a villain to society. Studies in this field have shown that video games actually help reduce the likelihood of violence and school shootings (Herold). He goes on to explain, â€Å"Violent video games allow players to release their stress and anger (catharsis) in the gameRead MoreEssay The History of Gambling in Ancient Civilizations3908 Words   |  16 Pagesinvention of the six-sided die, and finally to the Chinese invention of the card, not only did gambling survive through countless civilizations of ancient history, it evolved into a global phenomenon. Stakes on these games could range from Quadrans, the Roman equivalent of pennies, to betting an entire estate on a simple throw of the die. Interestingly, as in modern times, ancient peoples and civilizations had varying opinions of gambling. Some ignored it, some outlawed it, and some accepted it. DespiteRead MoreMarxs Historical Materialism2283 Words   |  10 Pagesbelieved that it was the material world or the mode of production which determi nes the consciousness of men the ‘social, political, and spiritual processes of life. According to him, the mode of production, which refers to the productive forces of society as well as the relations of production; is not simply the reproduction of physical existence, but a definite mode of life. What individuals are, ‘coincides with their production, with what they produce and with how they produce it. The economic structureRead MoreMother Teres The Spiritual Leader2387 Words   |  10 Pagesdistributed food and clothing to the unfortunate and deprived. These practices, united with her holy learning, headed her to adopt, to become a nun and work with the poor at a young age of twelve (Parks). As a beginning she went to a sodality, a Roman Catholic association, where she established her concern in external missionary effort. Over this group, she cultured a group of Catholic missionaries functioning in India. Agnes had discovered what she wanted to do. I had a aptitude to aid the poorRead MoreThe Japanese Avant Garde Fashion2099 Words   |  9 Pagesof the pieces are standardized† (English 4). Based on making Tatami idea, Japanese people made Kimonos. Furthermore, they were first inspired by their own architectural form and also added some other different country’s cultural components such as Roman toga in their art later. They considered putting not only their cultural component, but also others, and create their own unique art. Each country, and each culture, has its different style of using garments in their fashion. These three Asian JapaneseRead More The Fall of Socialism Essay3197 Words   |  13 Pagesat America before World War Two shows how truly diverse political discourse can be. Labor unions flourished and socialism was actively fostered by such magazines as Masses and the Liberator: No humane and sensitive artist can assent to this vast Roman orgy of commercialism, this wholesale prostitution of the mind, this vast empire of cheapness and shallowness and hypocrisy that forms the current America (Gold, 69). Furthermore, in popular culture, celebrities spoke unabashedly of communist

The Blanket Primary in Louisiana - 1115 Words

The Blanket Primary in Louisiana The Blanket Primary in Louisiana is â€Å"unique primary system†. The Blanket Primary is also known as a â€Å"Jungle† Primary in Partisan elections. The reason it’s called a blanket primary is because the party affiliation is not mentioned on the ballot. The winner of the primary is the candidate who has the majority of the vote. If two candidates have the majority of the vote, they run against each other in a run off regardless of their party affiliation. In Louisiana, there is a possibility that a Republican can run against another Republican if two Republicans happen to have the majority of the vote. The blanket primary was established by Governor Edwin Edwards in the 1980’s. Governor Edwards was a†¦show more content†¦Citizens say all the time that we need to get out of debt, but they do not vote for the parties who have the strongest focus on lowering the National Debt and limiting government spending, instead they vote Republican because t hey don’t want gays to get married, or the vote Democrat because they agree that women should be able to get abortions and have more rights. A lot of times, these issues don’t even affect the voter personally, yet they hold these issues on high regard simply because of the hysteria we have created around them. I compare the 2 party affiliations with Diamonds. Diamonds are not rare. They are actually very common and are being mined in different countries outside of Africa. Why are they so expensive? Because advertising agencies paid for by the Diamond distributors created such hype that now it is a tradition for American women to have a diamond wedding ring. In the past ten years, they start advertising â€Å"the left is from him, the right hand is for me† meaning women should buy a diamond ring for her right ring finger to show her strength and independence. Our opinions are molded by the media and politicians that hire speech writers that know how to work up a crowd. Republicans get all the conservative votes becauseShow MoreRelatedWorld War II to the Gulf War by Stephen E. Ambrose1667 Words   |  7 Pagestaught several history classes at various locations such as the Naval War College, Kansas State University, and the University of New Orleans. He was born in Decatur, Illinois where he received a B.A. from the University of Wisconsin and M.A from Louisiana State University. This ninth version of Rise to Globalism was updated and upgraded by Douglas Brinkley, a more youthful teacher of History at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Douglas Brinkley was conceived in 1960, and is the writer of a lot ofRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdeclined to the level at which it is today, at just around 60% (US Death Penalty). At around this time, in 2000, Patrick Kennedy raped his stepdaughter, who was eight years old, and was given the death penalty by a Louisiana court. As a result, Kennedy appealed the ruling to the Louisiana Supreme Court, where the previous ruling was affirmed, mentioning that though in a previous case, the Supreme Court had ruled that rape could not be punishable by death, in the case of a child, the ruling did notRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Old West Impacted And Changed2326 Words   |  10 Pagesfood and crops, disease, culture, animals, and ways to live. The settlers and Native Americans both influenced each other greatly, positively as well as negatively. President Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory from the French government for fifteen million dollars in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the Unites States and stretched from The Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans. Jefferson strongly believed that the key to a nation’sRead MoreHurricane Katrin The United States6790 Words   |  28 PagesHurricane Katrina allowed much more human suffering and property destruction to occur than should have. That is the sad and stunning fact’† (Shoup, 2005). Local officials accused FEMA of inadequate communication practices and lack of leadership. The Louisiana Governor complained saying, â€Å"’we wanted helicopters, food and water. They wanted to negotiate an organizational chart’† (Shoup, 2005). There were even â€Å"reports of FEMA turning down personnel and supplies offered by police forces and emergency crews†Read MoreHonest y in Politics3356 Words   |  14 Pageshis own downfall in the way he dealt with the crisis: with outright lies and half-truths. Because of his blatant dishonesty, he eventually had no choice but to resign, avoiding impeachment. As Craig Staats noted in TIME Magazine, â€Å"First there were blanket denials, lavish claims of executive privileges, and invocations of national security. Then came repeated clarifications, previous statements declared ‘inoperative,’ and multiple promises of full disclosure. Subpoenas were resisted. The Special ProsecutorRead More Human Rights Violations Against Children Essay3543 Words   |  15 Pagesencouraged to use coercive methods against criminal suspects in response to high levels of crime. In some cases, the purpose is to extract information, or to obtain a confession, true or false. In others, punishment and humiliation appear to be the primary aim. In many countries, the treatment received by minors detained in juvenile centers seriously endangers their health and well-being. In the United States there have been complaints stating that the juvenile centers staff has hit and kicked childrenRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States6683 Words   |  27 Pagesordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24. The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina s declaring of secession from the Union, which was described as increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery. the National Banking Act and the authorization of UnitedRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States8725 Words   |  35 Pagesordinance illegal but did not act to stop it. A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24. The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina s declaring of secession from the Union, which was described as: While the declaration does argue that succession is justified on the grounds of federal encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, the grievancesRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pagesoff-post activities, including housing and public accommodations, which arbitrarily discriminate against members of the Army and their dependents? Off limits or off limits sanctions may be applied. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 6-8 / PDF 65) Who is the primary source for solving EO complaints? Your Unit Chain of Command (AR 600-20 June 2006 / D-1 / PDF 97) Page 17 / 389  © Copyright 1999-2012 ArmyStudyGuide.com Version 5.3 What is the Army s written policy on EO? The U.S. Army will provide EO andRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesresponsible for wisely investing in and effectively utilizing these information technologies for the benefit of their organizations. By the year 2000, more than half of capital expenditures by businesses in developed countries were for IT purchases. The primary objective of this textbook is to increase your knowledge about IT management so that as a manager you can effectively invest in and utilize new and already in-place information technologies. In the following chapters we will describe †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢

Cloning Essay Research Paper CloningIn the past free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Cloning In the past few old ages, the subject of cloning has been in the intelligence a batch. It is a really controversial issue, with many opposing point of views. While some find it acceptable, others object for spiritual grounds. A large concern is the possibility of maltreatment of this new engineering. One of the large inquiries is? Where will we halt? ? We may get down by merely experimenting and analyzing, but so what? Manufacturing human organic structures for trim parts? No 1 can be certain where it will halt. The Supreme tribunal says that everyone has the right to do their ain generative determinations without authorities intervention, but now it is suggesting prohibitions on human cloning. These prohibitions prevent the really research needed to do cloning safe ( Eibert ) . So, it seems that the authorities is non giving human cloning a opportunity. There are many benefits to cloning in the Fieldss of birthrate, organ grafts, and contending disease. Although there are many benefits, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on experimentation. Benefits One of the major benefits of cloning engineering is betterment in the field of birthrate. In vitro fertilisation merely has a success rate of about 10 % . To better effectivity, physicians could clone embryos, and the success rate could drastically increase ( Masci 413 ) . Another benefit in the field of birthrate is that parents unable to gestate of course, even with in vitro, or people excessively old to gestate, could still hold a genetically related kid ( Masci 413-414 ) . With cloning, egg and sperm would non be necessary for reproduction, because any organic structure cell would work ( Eibert ) . The ensuing offspring would really be a reproduction of one parent ( Masci 413-414 ) . Other benefits to utilizing cloning come in the field of contending disease. When cistrons are non in usage, they become hibernating. In order for cloning to take topographic point, all cistrons must be active. Detecting how cistrons are turned on and off could take to intervention for different malignant neoplastic diseases ( Masci 414 ) . Cloning could besides revolutionise the field of organ graft. Organs and bone marrow could be cloned and used for graft. Thousands of people die waiting for grafts, so this could salvage many lives. In add-on, the variety meats used in the graft could come from the same patient, cut downing the hazard of rejection by the organic structure ( Masci 414 ) . To handle bosom onslaught victims, physicians could clone healthy bosom cells and shoot them into damaged countries of the bosom ( Masci 415 ) . Nervousnesss and spinal cord could be grown, giving quadriplegics the ability to walk once more ( Human Cloning Foundation ) . One more benefit, harmonizing to Dr. Richard Seed, a leader in the push for human cloning, is that scientists may someday be able to change by reversal the aging procedure. Drawbacks There are besides many grounds non to clone. One statement is that it is non necessary degree Fahrenheit or bone marrow graft because bone marrow can already be harvested and grown in a dish ( Masci 415 ) . One drawback is the possibility of mutant. An unnatural babe could ensue from mutated cistrons ( Global Change.com ) . Another drawback is the possibility of emotional jobs. A ringer could hold a difficult clip set uping his or her individuality ( Global Change.com ) . Karen Rothenberg of the University of Maryland School of Law at Baltimore says that? While I feel alone if I have a twin sister, I do non if I have fifty or one hundred. I no longer understand myself as a creative activity, but as a transcript? ( Masci 413 ) . Rothenberg goes on to state that cloning would dispute? constructs basic to our humanness. ? She says that cloning would extinguish our demand for reproduction ( Masci 414 ) , which, in a sense, makes us less human. One spiritual statement against cloning is the idea of? Playing God. ? Munawar Ahmad Anees, an Islamic bookman, says that? The human organic structure is God? s belongings, non adult male? s research lab? ( Masci 414-415 ) . By this he means that we should non be experimenting with our organic structures the manner we do. He says that the organic structure should merely be reproduced by sexual reproduction ( Masci 414-415 ) . Conflicting Opinions There are many conflicting sentiments on the topic of cloning. Oppositions of cloning say that it is non natural, while the protagonists point out that neither is driving a computing machine, winging an aeroplane, or utilizing a computing machine. Many of our modern comfortss are non natural, but that does non needfully do them incorrect. Oppositions besides say that a ringer would hold no individualism, that it would be no more that a? C copy. ? Supporters argue that ringers would hold different personalities that were shaped by their environments and experiences ( Dunn ) . Despite the Advantages # 8230 ; There are many advantages to go oning experimentation in the field of human cloning. Progresss in birthrate could offer trust to people who are excessively old to gestate or who are unable to make so with in vitro fertilisation. If applied to organ transplant processs, this new engineering could salvage 1000s of lives every twelvemonth. Despite these advantages, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on researching this new scientific discipline. The human race has made it this far without cloning, and we will go on to last without it. Dunn, Douglas. ? Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www.wordwiz72.com/cloning.html* . Eibert, Mark. ? Human Cloning, Infertility, and Reproductive Freedom. ? Reason Magazine Online. 22 February 2000. *http: //www. reason.com/opeds/ eibert.html* . ? Human Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www. globalchange.com/clonetech. htm* . Masci, David. ? The Cloning Controversy. ? CQ Researcher. 1997 erectile dysfunction. ? The Benefits of Human Cloning. ? Human Cloning Foundation. 22 February 2000. *http: //www.humancloning.org/benefits.htm* .

Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management free essay sample

It has been suggested that any well designed safety program or system is only as effective as the day-to-day ability of everyone in the organisation to rigorously follow procedures correctly and safely every time This paper seeks to highlight the critical components of an OHSMS and demonstrate also how a well-designed OHSMS will address the day-to-day abilities of organisations personnel to follow safety procedures every day. Modern employments factors such as transient work forces and cultural diversity have been shown to impact on the abilities of a workforce to comply with procedures. This paper will address these issues and demonstrate how effective OHSMS will assist in identifying lapses in compliance. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, for example those constructed in line with AS/NZS4804:2001 – Occupational health and safety management systems, utilise a continual improvement model. At every level through planning, implementation, monitor and review, processes are in place to ensure that deficiencies in the ability to comply with procedures are identified and changes applied where necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operational discipline is evident in organisations with a positive safety culture. It will be discussed how process safety may be enhanced by effectively introducing a program of operational discipline. Operational Discipline The ability of personnel to follow procedures and complete tasks correctly each time they carry them out describes what is commonly known as operational discipline. Operational discipline has been defined by DuPont, regarded globally as a leader in behavioral safety systems, as â€Å"the deeply rooted dedication and commitment of each member of the organisation to carry out each task the right way each time. † (Hopkins, 2009, p. 135) Operational discipline differs from legislative requirements and prescribed duties of care laid down in the OSH Act and Regulations, which may be defined as the obligation to carry out assigned duties. (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Instead, workers are challenged to make professional commitments such as: †¢I take personal responsibility for properly understanding my job task and making sure it can be completed safely every time. †¢I plan to follow procedures carefully without shortcuts. †¢I trust that procedures have been developed for a purpose, but suggest changes if they don’t make sense. †¢I focus on the task at hand and set aside personal and work distractions. †¢I care for my safety and the safety of my co-workers (Klien, 2007) Many high reliability organisations have opted to roll out occupational health and safety managements systems in various forms, for example, Chevrons Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS) and Exxonmobil’s Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS). Both global organisations place a key emphasis on operational discipline as a part of the way that they expect personnel at all levels of the business to conduct their assigned tasks. Chevron states in the overview of its OHSMS: Operational discipline—completing every task the right way, every time—captures the spirit of Chevrons OE culture. It requires dedication from the entire workforce and specific behaviours from leadership. Leaders set clear expectations and monitor and shape behaviours. By following procedures, recognizing hazards, providing feedback and stopping work as necessary, workers help prevent incidents. (Watson, 2010) These organisations are acutely aware that the best systems that they can produce are worthless if the personnel acting them out on behalf of the organisation take shortcuts, or willingly deviate from the expected practice laid down in the procedures. It is vital that organisations shrink the gap between the rules and reality, making them applicable in practice and clear to everyone. (Anonymous, 2013 p. 49) Operational discipline exists in varying levels within a culture of an organisation, however as discussed by Stallbaum (2013) â€Å"A robust management system alone will not lead to operational excellence; a culture of operational discipline drives the understanding of, adherence to, questioning of and enforcement of the OEMS is integral to achieving Operational Excellence. † Once effective systems have been implemented for ensuring safe activities at a site, a focus on operational discipline is essential for ensuring that systems are followed and for achieving good performance. (Klien Francisco, 2012 p. 101) Current employment trends in Australia The mining and construction boom of the past decade has highlighted a skills shortage in many industries in Australia. Surveys completed in 2012 indicate that 62 percent of respondents claimed to be experiencing a skills shortage of some kind. The mining sector continues to face significant shortages with two thirds of mining companies reporting problems. Shortages are concentrated in Western Australia followed by Queensland and New South Wales. (Waller, 2012) To remedy the lack of skilled workers in various industries across Australia, the temporary skilled worker (457) visa system allows employees to bring workers from different countries into Australia to assist with short-term projects. An increase in the numbers of foreign workers can introduce challenges for industries in the form of language and cultural barriers. In addition to the increase in foreign workers, part time and casual employment rates in Australia are both presently at historic highs for varying reasons; Data gathered from the Department of education, employment and workplace relations states that presently almost 1/3rd of workers in Australia is part time. (Anonymous, 2013) Part time employment represents a challenge to employers in so far as the financial outlay in training can have a limited return for transient employees. Organisation without a strong safety culture may find it difficult to satisfy their legislatively mandated requirements to provide training for workers they believe to be short term. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Organisations may introduce on Occupational Health and Safety Management system (OHSMS) for a variety of reasons, including: †¢Legal reasons †¢Ethical concerns †¢Industrial relations †¢To improve financial performance Implementation of an effective OSHMS should, however, primarily lead to a reduction of workplace injury and illness, minimising the costs of workplace accidents. (Standards Australia, 2001) There are five (5) driving principles that an OHSMS devised in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, 2001, which are: †¢Policy; †¢Planning; †¢Implementation; †¢Measure and evaluation; and †¢Management review. Fig 1. Continual Improvement (Standards Australia, 2001) The framework for managing risk is based upon a ‘Plan – do – check – act’ cycle. This cycle, often referred to as the Deming cycle is a problem solving process adopted by firms engaged in continuous improvement (Bhat, 2010, p. 276). If effectively planned and implemented, each stage of the OHSMS is capable of addressing the requirement for employees to do the right thing every time a task is undertaken. Policy The OHS policy is the commitment statement from management, which outlines the health and safety goals and targets of the organisation. The OHS policy outlines the expectation of all personnel within an organisation and is â€Å"continually reiterated by the things that management pays attention to and measure. The rest of the management system is developed as a means to achieve the goals set out in the policy. † (Boyrs, Cowley, Tepe, Morrell and Macdonald, 2013) The policy may include a clear indication from management to the workforce that there is an expectation to comply with processes and procedures to achieve the desired outcomes of the organisation. Planning Organisations with an effective OHSMS will have in place a system for identifying and controlling risks, identifying legal requirements, setting targets and objectives and OHS Management Plans. â€Å"Safety management systems are a structured approach for achieving a desired performance. Planning affects every aspect of achieving and executing safety management in any organisation. † (Anonymous, 2001). Dunn (2012) states that â€Å"The creation and use of a plan is a key to the successful implementation of an [HSMS]. † (p. 75). In setting targets and objectives, a company describes how it will judge its safety and health performance. Determining leading and lagging indicators within operating parameters will assist in measuring compliance with procedures going forward. Leading indicators such as task observations and leadership walk and talk sessions provide valuable feedback to management of the abilities of the workforce to sufficiently follow procedures. This of course is dependent on the ability of the organisation to develop workable procedures during the start up phase of the job, taking into consideration the identified hazards, risks and controls for the scope of work. â€Å"Establishing a performance measurement system is a process aimed at changing behavior, and ultimately culture. It is a process of continuous improvement. † (Harrington, Thomas, Kadri, 2009) Other factors that must be taken into consideration during the planning stage of the safety management system are creating an effective system for identifying risks. This is reinforced by Standards Australia (2001) which states â€Å"The organization shall develop its methodology for hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control, based on its operational experience and its commitment to eliminate workplace illness and injury. The methodology shall be kept up to-date. † (p. 9) Legal compliance must be considered when planning the OHSMS. Health and safety procedures shall be generated to bring the activities of the organisation in line with legislative requirement. â€Å"Legislative health and safety regulations represent minimum requirements. In almost all cases it is necessary for the organisations to augment these regulations with specific procedure which must be followed in order to manage employee well being effectively. † (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Procedures should be generated in consultation with the front line workers as this will empower them to ‘own’ the process, making compliance easier. â€Å"(Organisations) should communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to employees. † (Standards Australia, 2001). Employees will find it easier to follow procedures every time if they know that doing so will ensure compliance with legal requirements and that the procedures don’t exist for the sake of having them. ? Implementation The best occupational health and safety management plans will not work without an effective implementation strategy. It is imperative that appropriate levels of resources are available to implement the OHSMS. â€Å" While there are always competing demands upon your limited resources, it’s important to recognize that your employees’ health and safety cannot be compromised. † (Standards Australia, 2001) When implementing an OHSMS into a working environment with a highly transient and multicultural workforce, it is vital that the OHSMS can be understood by everyone. Potential exists for all of the hard work spent creating an effective OHSMS to be lost if it has not been rolled out to the workforce effectively. Procedures shall be developed for providing OHS training. These procedures shall take into account— (a) The characteristics and composition of the workforce which impact on occupational health and safety management; and (b) Responsibilities, hazards and risks. The organization shall ensure that all personnel (including contractors and visitors) have undertaken training appropriate to the identified needs. Training shall be carried out by persons with appropriate knowledge, skills, and experience in OHS and training. (Standards Australia, 2001) The terms composition and characteristics clearly outline the requirement for the OHS training to be created to a level that the workforce, regardless of background, will be able to learn from the training and effectively put the learning outcomes into practice. Consultation and communication To determine that the safety management system is functioning effectively, organisations need to ensure that there are effective mechanisms in place to allow occupational health and safety information is communicated to all stakeholders. (Standards Australia, 2001). The opinions of employees at all levels should be heard and feedback provided to ensure that there is a sense of ownership for the safety processes and procedures within the OHSMS (Pardy Andrews, 2010) Tools such as toolbox meetings, management walk and talk sessions and procedure awareness sessions may be used to take questions and provide feedback to the workforce and determine if there are barriers which prevent the workforce from following procedures. Measure and evaluation As part of the previously discussed Deming Cycle, checks must be undertaken to determine that the OHSMS is achieving what it set out to do. For example, if knowledge gaps are appearing due to difficulties in understanding the training, systems or procedures, it is vital that they are identified so that they can be rectified. â€Å"Organisations should measure, monitor and evaluate its OHS performance and take preventative action† (Standards Australia, 2001). Measurement of performance in this context may be undertaken by auditing, feedback forms from employees and assessments on whether previously identified concerns had been rectified. (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 45) Management review Any gaps between what is hoped will be achieved through the OHSMS and the actual measured outcome need to be closed. It is arguable, the single-most important element of any management system. Through the management review process, committed leaders acting upon factual information from the management systems make informed decisions and identify the resources required to enable the organisation to effectively, safely and without damage to the environment. â€Å" (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 30) It is during the management review that any deficiencies in the entire OSHMS can be rectified. In this way, the plan, do, check, act nature of the process facilitates continual improvement. Conclusion One of the key drivers to success of an OHSMS is the ability of employees at all levels to carry out tasks correctly and in accordance with procedures every time. Many organisations refer to the ability of employees do the right thing every time as operational discipline, which is a conscious effort of all personnel to follow procedures every time. Australia is presently experiencing workforce trends that it has not encountered in present day levels. The level of foreign workers through schemes such as the 457 visa, and also a high number of short term, part time and casual workers create working environments that employers need to monitor to ensure that the OHSMS in place is effective. Organisations should effectively define for what they require from their OHSMS in the OHS policy and then implement the OHSMS effectively to ensure that the workforce are aware of the requirements of management for employees to follow procedures at all times. By monitoring the plan and ensuring that any deficiencies discovered are acted upon, the management of an organisation will be able to determine that the any knowledge gaps caused by either the composition of the workers or ineffective training can be rectified. OHSMS’s developed in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational health and safety management systems, will be able to plan for modern employment trends and the cultural composition of the workforce by ensuring that the system is well planned, is understood by stakeholders, that it has mechanisms in place to ensure ongoing compliance and also the ability to change when shortcomings are identified.