Cloning Essay Research Paper CloningIn the past free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Cloning In the past few old ages, the subject of cloning has been in the intelligence a batch. It is a really controversial issue, with many opposing point of views. While some find it acceptable, others object for spiritual grounds. A large concern is the possibility of maltreatment of this new engineering. One of the large inquiries is? Where will we halt? ? We may get down by merely experimenting and analyzing, but so what? Manufacturing human organic structures for trim parts? No 1 can be certain where it will halt. The Supreme tribunal says that everyone has the right to do their ain generative determinations without authorities intervention, but now it is suggesting prohibitions on human cloning. These prohibitions prevent the really research needed to do cloning safe ( Eibert ) . So, it seems that the authorities is non giving human cloning a opportunity. There are many benefits to cloning in the Fieldss of birthrate, organ grafts, and contending disease. Although there are many benefits, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on experimentation. Benefits One of the major benefits of cloning engineering is betterment in the field of birthrate. In vitro fertilisation merely has a success rate of about 10 % . To better effectivity, physicians could clone embryos, and the success rate could drastically increase ( Masci 413 ) . Another benefit in the field of birthrate is that parents unable to gestate of course, even with in vitro, or people excessively old to gestate, could still hold a genetically related kid ( Masci 413-414 ) . With cloning, egg and sperm would non be necessary for reproduction, because any organic structure cell would work ( Eibert ) . The ensuing offspring would really be a reproduction of one parent ( Masci 413-414 ) . Other benefits to utilizing cloning come in the field of contending disease. When cistrons are non in usage, they become hibernating. In order for cloning to take topographic point, all cistrons must be active. Detecting how cistrons are turned on and off could take to intervention for different malignant neoplastic diseases ( Masci 414 ) . Cloning could besides revolutionise the field of organ graft. Organs and bone marrow could be cloned and used for graft. Thousands of people die waiting for grafts, so this could salvage many lives. In add-on, the variety meats used in the graft could come from the same patient, cut downing the hazard of rejection by the organic structure ( Masci 414 ) . To handle bosom onslaught victims, physicians could clone healthy bosom cells and shoot them into damaged countries of the bosom ( Masci 415 ) . Nervousnesss and spinal cord could be grown, giving quadriplegics the ability to walk once more ( Human Cloning Foundation ) . One more benefit, harmonizing to Dr. Richard Seed, a leader in the push for human cloning, is that scientists may someday be able to change by reversal the aging procedure. Drawbacks There are besides many grounds non to clone. One statement is that it is non necessary degree Fahrenheit or bone marrow graft because bone marrow can already be harvested and grown in a dish ( Masci 415 ) . One drawback is the possibility of mutant. An unnatural babe could ensue from mutated cistrons ( Global Change.com ) . Another drawback is the possibility of emotional jobs. A ringer could hold a difficult clip set uping his or her individuality ( Global Change.com ) . Karen Rothenberg of the University of Maryland School of Law at Baltimore says that? While I feel alone if I have a twin sister, I do non if I have fifty or one hundred. I no longer understand myself as a creative activity, but as a transcript? ( Masci 413 ) . Rothenberg goes on to state that cloning would dispute? constructs basic to our humanness. ? She says that cloning would extinguish our demand for reproduction ( Masci 414 ) , which, in a sense, makes us less human. One spiritual statement against cloning is the idea of? Playing God. ? Munawar Ahmad Anees, an Islamic bookman, says that? The human organic structure is God? s belongings, non adult male? s research lab? ( Masci 414-415 ) . By this he means that we should non be experimenting with our organic structures the manner we do. He says that the organic structure should merely be reproduced by sexual reproduction ( Masci 414-415 ) . Conflicting Opinions There are many conflicting sentiments on the topic of cloning. Oppositions of cloning say that it is non natural, while the protagonists point out that neither is driving a computing machine, winging an aeroplane, or utilizing a computing machine. Many of our modern comfortss are non natural, but that does non needfully do them incorrect. Oppositions besides say that a ringer would hold no individualism, that it would be no more that a? C copy. ? Supporters argue that ringers would hold different personalities that were shaped by their environments and experiences ( Dunn ) . Despite the Advantages # 8230 ; There are many advantages to go oning experimentation in the field of human cloning. Progresss in birthrate could offer trust to people who are excessively old to gestate or who are unable to make so with in vitro fertilisation. If applied to organ transplant processs, this new engineering could salvage 1000s of lives every twelvemonth. Despite these advantages, the possible effects and moral considerations are excessively great for us to go on researching this new scientific discipline. The human race has made it this far without cloning, and we will go on to last without it. Dunn, Douglas. ? Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www.wordwiz72.com/cloning.html* . Eibert, Mark. ? Human Cloning, Infertility, and Reproductive Freedom. ? Reason Magazine Online. 22 February 2000. *http: //www. reason.com/opeds/ eibert.html* . ? Human Cloning. ? 28 February 2000. *http: //www. globalchange.com/clonetech. htm* . Masci, David. ? The Cloning Controversy. ? CQ Researcher. 1997 erectile dysfunction. ? The Benefits of Human Cloning. ? Human Cloning Foundation. 22 February 2000. *http: //www.humancloning.org/benefits.htm* .

Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management free essay sample

It has been suggested that any well designed safety program or system is only as effective as the day-to-day ability of everyone in the organisation to rigorously follow procedures correctly and safely every time This paper seeks to highlight the critical components of an OHSMS and demonstrate also how a well-designed OHSMS will address the day-to-day abilities of organisations personnel to follow safety procedures every day. Modern employments factors such as transient work forces and cultural diversity have been shown to impact on the abilities of a workforce to comply with procedures. This paper will address these issues and demonstrate how effective OHSMS will assist in identifying lapses in compliance. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, for example those constructed in line with AS/NZS4804:2001 – Occupational health and safety management systems, utilise a continual improvement model. At every level through planning, implementation, monitor and review, processes are in place to ensure that deficiencies in the ability to comply with procedures are identified and changes applied where necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health and Safety Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operational discipline is evident in organisations with a positive safety culture. It will be discussed how process safety may be enhanced by effectively introducing a program of operational discipline. Operational Discipline The ability of personnel to follow procedures and complete tasks correctly each time they carry them out describes what is commonly known as operational discipline. Operational discipline has been defined by DuPont, regarded globally as a leader in behavioral safety systems, as â€Å"the deeply rooted dedication and commitment of each member of the organisation to carry out each task the right way each time. † (Hopkins, 2009, p. 135) Operational discipline differs from legislative requirements and prescribed duties of care laid down in the OSH Act and Regulations, which may be defined as the obligation to carry out assigned duties. (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Instead, workers are challenged to make professional commitments such as: †¢I take personal responsibility for properly understanding my job task and making sure it can be completed safely every time. †¢I plan to follow procedures carefully without shortcuts. †¢I trust that procedures have been developed for a purpose, but suggest changes if they don’t make sense. †¢I focus on the task at hand and set aside personal and work distractions. †¢I care for my safety and the safety of my co-workers (Klien, 2007) Many high reliability organisations have opted to roll out occupational health and safety managements systems in various forms, for example, Chevrons Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS) and Exxonmobil’s Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS). Both global organisations place a key emphasis on operational discipline as a part of the way that they expect personnel at all levels of the business to conduct their assigned tasks. Chevron states in the overview of its OHSMS: Operational discipline—completing every task the right way, every time—captures the spirit of Chevrons OE culture. It requires dedication from the entire workforce and specific behaviours from leadership. Leaders set clear expectations and monitor and shape behaviours. By following procedures, recognizing hazards, providing feedback and stopping work as necessary, workers help prevent incidents. (Watson, 2010) These organisations are acutely aware that the best systems that they can produce are worthless if the personnel acting them out on behalf of the organisation take shortcuts, or willingly deviate from the expected practice laid down in the procedures. It is vital that organisations shrink the gap between the rules and reality, making them applicable in practice and clear to everyone. (Anonymous, 2013 p. 49) Operational discipline exists in varying levels within a culture of an organisation, however as discussed by Stallbaum (2013) â€Å"A robust management system alone will not lead to operational excellence; a culture of operational discipline drives the understanding of, adherence to, questioning of and enforcement of the OEMS is integral to achieving Operational Excellence. † Once effective systems have been implemented for ensuring safe activities at a site, a focus on operational discipline is essential for ensuring that systems are followed and for achieving good performance. (Klien Francisco, 2012 p. 101) Current employment trends in Australia The mining and construction boom of the past decade has highlighted a skills shortage in many industries in Australia. Surveys completed in 2012 indicate that 62 percent of respondents claimed to be experiencing a skills shortage of some kind. The mining sector continues to face significant shortages with two thirds of mining companies reporting problems. Shortages are concentrated in Western Australia followed by Queensland and New South Wales. (Waller, 2012) To remedy the lack of skilled workers in various industries across Australia, the temporary skilled worker (457) visa system allows employees to bring workers from different countries into Australia to assist with short-term projects. An increase in the numbers of foreign workers can introduce challenges for industries in the form of language and cultural barriers. In addition to the increase in foreign workers, part time and casual employment rates in Australia are both presently at historic highs for varying reasons; Data gathered from the Department of education, employment and workplace relations states that presently almost 1/3rd of workers in Australia is part time. (Anonymous, 2013) Part time employment represents a challenge to employers in so far as the financial outlay in training can have a limited return for transient employees. Organisation without a strong safety culture may find it difficult to satisfy their legislatively mandated requirements to provide training for workers they believe to be short term. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Organisations may introduce on Occupational Health and Safety Management system (OHSMS) for a variety of reasons, including: †¢Legal reasons †¢Ethical concerns †¢Industrial relations †¢To improve financial performance Implementation of an effective OSHMS should, however, primarily lead to a reduction of workplace injury and illness, minimising the costs of workplace accidents. (Standards Australia, 2001) There are five (5) driving principles that an OHSMS devised in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, 2001, which are: †¢Policy; †¢Planning; †¢Implementation; †¢Measure and evaluation; and †¢Management review. Fig 1. Continual Improvement (Standards Australia, 2001) The framework for managing risk is based upon a ‘Plan – do – check – act’ cycle. This cycle, often referred to as the Deming cycle is a problem solving process adopted by firms engaged in continuous improvement (Bhat, 2010, p. 276). If effectively planned and implemented, each stage of the OHSMS is capable of addressing the requirement for employees to do the right thing every time a task is undertaken. Policy The OHS policy is the commitment statement from management, which outlines the health and safety goals and targets of the organisation. The OHS policy outlines the expectation of all personnel within an organisation and is â€Å"continually reiterated by the things that management pays attention to and measure. The rest of the management system is developed as a means to achieve the goals set out in the policy. † (Boyrs, Cowley, Tepe, Morrell and Macdonald, 2013) The policy may include a clear indication from management to the workforce that there is an expectation to comply with processes and procedures to achieve the desired outcomes of the organisation. Planning Organisations with an effective OHSMS will have in place a system for identifying and controlling risks, identifying legal requirements, setting targets and objectives and OHS Management Plans. â€Å"Safety management systems are a structured approach for achieving a desired performance. Planning affects every aspect of achieving and executing safety management in any organisation. † (Anonymous, 2001). Dunn (2012) states that â€Å"The creation and use of a plan is a key to the successful implementation of an [HSMS]. † (p. 75). In setting targets and objectives, a company describes how it will judge its safety and health performance. Determining leading and lagging indicators within operating parameters will assist in measuring compliance with procedures going forward. Leading indicators such as task observations and leadership walk and talk sessions provide valuable feedback to management of the abilities of the workforce to sufficiently follow procedures. This of course is dependent on the ability of the organisation to develop workable procedures during the start up phase of the job, taking into consideration the identified hazards, risks and controls for the scope of work. â€Å"Establishing a performance measurement system is a process aimed at changing behavior, and ultimately culture. It is a process of continuous improvement. † (Harrington, Thomas, Kadri, 2009) Other factors that must be taken into consideration during the planning stage of the safety management system are creating an effective system for identifying risks. This is reinforced by Standards Australia (2001) which states â€Å"The organization shall develop its methodology for hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control, based on its operational experience and its commitment to eliminate workplace illness and injury. The methodology shall be kept up to-date. † (p. 9) Legal compliance must be considered when planning the OHSMS. Health and safety procedures shall be generated to bring the activities of the organisation in line with legislative requirement. â€Å"Legislative health and safety regulations represent minimum requirements. In almost all cases it is necessary for the organisations to augment these regulations with specific procedure which must be followed in order to manage employee well being effectively. † (Taylor, Easter, Hegney, 2003). Procedures should be generated in consultation with the front line workers as this will empower them to ‘own’ the process, making compliance easier. â€Å"(Organisations) should communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to employees. † (Standards Australia, 2001). Employees will find it easier to follow procedures every time if they know that doing so will ensure compliance with legal requirements and that the procedures don’t exist for the sake of having them. ? Implementation The best occupational health and safety management plans will not work without an effective implementation strategy. It is imperative that appropriate levels of resources are available to implement the OHSMS. â€Å" While there are always competing demands upon your limited resources, it’s important to recognize that your employees’ health and safety cannot be compromised. † (Standards Australia, 2001) When implementing an OHSMS into a working environment with a highly transient and multicultural workforce, it is vital that the OHSMS can be understood by everyone. Potential exists for all of the hard work spent creating an effective OHSMS to be lost if it has not been rolled out to the workforce effectively. Procedures shall be developed for providing OHS training. These procedures shall take into account— (a) The characteristics and composition of the workforce which impact on occupational health and safety management; and (b) Responsibilities, hazards and risks. The organization shall ensure that all personnel (including contractors and visitors) have undertaken training appropriate to the identified needs. Training shall be carried out by persons with appropriate knowledge, skills, and experience in OHS and training. (Standards Australia, 2001) The terms composition and characteristics clearly outline the requirement for the OHS training to be created to a level that the workforce, regardless of background, will be able to learn from the training and effectively put the learning outcomes into practice. Consultation and communication To determine that the safety management system is functioning effectively, organisations need to ensure that there are effective mechanisms in place to allow occupational health and safety information is communicated to all stakeholders. (Standards Australia, 2001). The opinions of employees at all levels should be heard and feedback provided to ensure that there is a sense of ownership for the safety processes and procedures within the OHSMS (Pardy Andrews, 2010) Tools such as toolbox meetings, management walk and talk sessions and procedure awareness sessions may be used to take questions and provide feedback to the workforce and determine if there are barriers which prevent the workforce from following procedures. Measure and evaluation As part of the previously discussed Deming Cycle, checks must be undertaken to determine that the OHSMS is achieving what it set out to do. For example, if knowledge gaps are appearing due to difficulties in understanding the training, systems or procedures, it is vital that they are identified so that they can be rectified. â€Å"Organisations should measure, monitor and evaluate its OHS performance and take preventative action† (Standards Australia, 2001). Measurement of performance in this context may be undertaken by auditing, feedback forms from employees and assessments on whether previously identified concerns had been rectified. (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 45) Management review Any gaps between what is hoped will be achieved through the OHSMS and the actual measured outcome need to be closed. It is arguable, the single-most important element of any management system. Through the management review process, committed leaders acting upon factual information from the management systems make informed decisions and identify the resources required to enable the organisation to effectively, safely and without damage to the environment. â€Å" (Pardy Andrews, 2010, p. 30) It is during the management review that any deficiencies in the entire OSHMS can be rectified. In this way, the plan, do, check, act nature of the process facilitates continual improvement. Conclusion One of the key drivers to success of an OHSMS is the ability of employees at all levels to carry out tasks correctly and in accordance with procedures every time. Many organisations refer to the ability of employees do the right thing every time as operational discipline, which is a conscious effort of all personnel to follow procedures every time. Australia is presently experiencing workforce trends that it has not encountered in present day levels. The level of foreign workers through schemes such as the 457 visa, and also a high number of short term, part time and casual workers create working environments that employers need to monitor to ensure that the OHSMS in place is effective. Organisations should effectively define for what they require from their OHSMS in the OHS policy and then implement the OHSMS effectively to ensure that the workforce are aware of the requirements of management for employees to follow procedures at all times. By monitoring the plan and ensuring that any deficiencies discovered are acted upon, the management of an organisation will be able to determine that the any knowledge gaps caused by either the composition of the workers or ineffective training can be rectified. OHSMS’s developed in line with Australian Standard 4804 – Occupational health and safety management systems, will be able to plan for modern employment trends and the cultural composition of the workforce by ensuring that the system is well planned, is understood by stakeholders, that it has mechanisms in place to ensure ongoing compliance and also the ability to change when shortcomings are identified.

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays Business Ethics in Latin America Essay Business Ethics in Latin America Essay The business ethics climate in Latin America Written by Florien H. International Business Semester 2013 Course: Business Ethics The business ethics climate in Latin America A problem for international companies, taking Peru as an example! The Spanish saying: El queue no trans no banana. (One that doses t act unethical will not proceed), unfortunately describes best the prevailing immoral way of doing business in the Latin American region. Despite various approaches to achieve a mutual acceptance of those values among society, attempts were carried out neither tit economies of scope, nor state support. The efforts stayed in vain and even were adumbrated by corruptive example and bribery which are still considered as a form of remuneration. Though in Latin America business might follow different moral principles, ethics can be defined as a rigorous analytical business tool which applies least clarify those moral issues which typically arise in business (E. Sternberg; 1995). When going abroad, those distinct ethical values often blur and suddenly are inclined to appear as values in tension. For Donaldson, the key of acting ethical, when ongoing business outside your countrys borders, is a balancing act somewhere in between cultural relativism and ethical imperialism, always heeding human values. Considering the first extreme, no culture s ethics is better than any other and accordingly a relativist would always adapt the societys habits in which he currently operates. However this liberal attitude stumbles once the issue becomes more crucial. A cultural relativist would even accept a business action which violates human values. In 2010 Peru for instance was plagued by a major flooding. Especially he region around Mach Fichu, an area with a high proportion of tourists was affected. All roads and rails were impassible which neither made it feasible for tourists to leave, nor ensure the steady supply of aids from outside. The reckless business practices and impotence of the government led the shop-, restaurant-, and hotel owners to raise their prices, which compelled many tourists to sleep outside, being robbed, and suffering from hunger (BBC_news). Since cultural relativists would not collide with this business conduct, Donaldson calls them morally blind (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 16). The second extreme, an ethical imperialist, would always direct the people to proceed as it is common in the home country. Antipathy to this behavior also sounds from the South American world: This cultural diversity raises very difficult philosophical questions, and some criticize the ethical imperialism that they perceive the US and Europe to try to impose on the rest of the world ( O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1995, A region in transition). The theory behind it is absolutism which entails three core problems: The first challenge is that the different cultures should always be respected although attitudes may differ from country to country. The second issue describes how people should demonstrate moral truth using only one set of concepts: We all learn ethics in the context of our particular cultures, and the power in the principles is deeply tied to the way in which they are expressed (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 18). Finally, context must always shape practice, believing in a global standard of ethical behavior (Donaldson, 2003). Human values, which Donaldson describes as the minimum ethical standards that must guide manager s actions as a benchmark for all companies (Donaldson, 2003, . 21), always have to be respected and preserved. They include three core values: Firstly, the respect for human dignity by creating and sustaining a corporate culture, like the right for good health offered to every employee. Secondly, the respect, support and protection for basic human rights, like health, education and an adequate standard of living. Finally, good citizenship is essential to support and three serve as a moral compass for al l companies, formulating and evaluating standards of an ethical conduct. Although values, honesty, religion, and respect actually seem to be attractive heartsickness of the Latin American people, the image is besmirched by corruption, fraud, bribery, and the disparity of wealth distribution. Low ethical standards in the politics have had deep impact on individuals, organizations and the economic system (M. Radar, 1997, p. L). With an area of about 21 million square kilometers, and an estimated population of more than 590 million people, primarily speaking Spanish and Portuguese, the Roman Catholic dominated zone divides into 19 countries, with Peru being one of it. Despite a ninety percent proportion of this about religious denomination participating in religious orientated associations like UNIVAC, even Monsignor Oscar Rodriguez, the president of CLAM, the Latin American Bishop s Conference, expressed the church s anxiety about the distressing situation: Corruption has become a way of life in Latin America (C. Morsels, 1997, p. 7). The faith in the church s paradigms, especially in integrity the steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code (Defenestration. Com) and social responsibility, is regrettably often very distant and betimes leads to dichotomy. The excessive consumption, materialism and selfishness, prevailing in the relatively small upper layers of society, often clashes with real poverty, caused by a lack of education. According to Radar the aim should be to strengthen the religious formation in order to reach a larger proportion of the population and let their activities be guided by the resulting moral principles. Business desire for short-term gains and a corruptive environment, even practiced by state executives, is not despised as unethical but rather as an acceptable cultural habit. It seems as if irruption, presumably the most complex problem of the Americas, has struck deep roots through all layers of society (O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1998). Those unsounded economic policies endured and poor governance even made it worse by impairing the establishment of market competition. In 1995 corruption in Argentina, was believed to account for a proportion of 20 billion$ out of the total GAP of 300 billion$ (Ernest Garcia, 1995). Chile officiates as an example for the Latin world, a country which dedicates high importance to the promotion of private companies since the 1980 s. Those entities advance the responsibility of business ethics, not only among their company, but for the Chilean society as a whole. Oscar Shiplap-Pieta derives two objectives for a sustainable implementation of business ethics in the Latin American society, especially for Peru: First of all, it is extremely important to set high and solid standards of accountability, which go far beyond the minimal legal requirements, currently prevailing. Although clear rules and laws already exist, only a few regions in these countries enforce compliance. Complicity and connivance in equines are so common that in general the South American public profoundly distrusts business and government Following the lead of many political and business leaders, and acknowledge that many individuals from higher social classes go unpunished, many ordinary citizens of South American countries Justify unethical business ethics programs, especially for transnational companies, need to be implemented. Ninety percent of all Fortune 500 companies have codes conduct, and seventy percent have statements of vision and values, but don t stick to it in business (Donaldson, 2003, p. 24). Those can, opposed to the current opinion, offer a win-win situation thus the company will differentiate itself from the competition. Still one has to acknowledge that during the last decades exactly the Latin American region has undergone an impressive process towards democracy and fairness in politics and economics. Peru, the third largest country of South America is now, after a period of turbulence, making remarkable steps towards reforming its current political system and rise in both, the development and confidence in the business sector. It still holds true, that many business people find it imperative to recover the ultra and religious traditions and especially the young generation reveals a higher interest in fair business practices. Accordingly the number of students participating in ethic courses has been rising constantly (Russo/ SSTEagleburger, 2012). Further examples of organized initiatives for a moral renewal are the OAKS and its ratified sub-organizations, and a still very active meeting of businessman from all over the world, the Coax Round Table. All are constantly seeking for processes that identify shared values and perspectives on business behavior acceptable to and honored by al (Coax Round Table. Org). Although the attitude towards time is less rigid than in other cultures and Peruvians even distinguish between: la hoar persona and la hoar angles, Latino in general are known for their warmth and friendliness which they initially express by greeting with hugs and kisses. Muff may even be startled to have a Latin businessman hold your elbow while conversing, or walk down the street arm-in-arm (blob. Starchiness; 2012, The Touchy Feeling). Over time they actually care about your personality and try to develop an individual business connection of rust and intimacy. It is essential to understand the culture and adjust your expectations accordingly and soon you will find a very enjoyable place to do business in. In conclusion, Latin America has despite all positive development achieved, still a profound backlog of actually putting the theoretical bases into practice. Struggling with economic problems and corrupt political institutions, it appears difficult to change the founded habits of society. Examples like Chile and various associations fighting for a solid acceptance of core business values, combined with the honesty, elisions ties, and respect as the most significant properties of the Latin American people, will attract foreign companies respecting core values and promote a sustainable change towards a mutually accepted value system. Business Leaders. Its goal is to promote, in the light of the Christian Social Teachings, a vision and a deployment of Corporate Social Responsibility serving people and the common good of the World. (Univac. Org) the AS uses a four-pronged approach to effectively implement its essential purposes.

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile Guatemalas Catholic Strongman: Josà © Rafael Carrera y Turcios (1815-1865) was the first President of Guatemala, serving during the turbulent years of 1838 to 1865. Carrera was an illiterate pig farmer and bandit who rose to the presidency, where he proved himself a Catholic zealot and iron-fisted tyrant. He frequently meddled in the politics of neighboring countries, bringing war and misery to most of Central America. He also stabilized the nation and is today considered the founder of the Republic of Guatemala. The Union Falls Apart: Central America achieved its independence from Spain on September 15, 1821 without a fight: Spanish forces were more desperately needed elsewhere. Central America briefly joined with Mexico under Agustà ­n Iturbide, but when Iturbide fell in 1823 they abandoned Mexico. Leaders (mostly in Guatemala) then attempted to create and rule a republic they named the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA). Infighting between liberals (who wanted the Catholic Church out of politics) and conservatives (who wanted it to play a role) got the best of the young republic, and by 1837 it was falling apart. Death of the Republic: The UPCA (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America) was ruled from 1830 by Honduran Francisco Morazn, a liberal. His administration outlawed religious orders and ended state connections with the church: this enraged the conservatives, many of whom were wealthy landowners. The republic was mostly ruled by wealthy creoles: most Central Americans were poor Indians who did not care much for politics. In 1838, however, mixed-blooded Rafael Carrera appeared on the scene, leading a small army of poorly armed Indians in a march on Guatemala City to remove Morazn. Rafael Carrera: Carrera’s exact date of birth is unknown, but he was in his early to mid-twenties in 1837 when he first appeared on the scene. An illiterate pig farmer and fervent Catholic, he despised the liberal Morazn government. He took up arms and persuaded his neighbors to join him: he would later tell a visiting writer that he had started out with thirteen men who had to use cigars to fire their muskets. In retaliation, government forces burned down his house and (allegedly) raped and killed his wife. Carrera kept fighting, drawing more and more to his side. The Guatemalan Indians supported him, seeing him as a savior. Uncontrollable: By 1837 the situation had spiraled out of control. Morazn was fighting two fronts: against Carrera in Guatemala and against a union of conservative governments in Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica elsewhere in Central America. For a while he was able to hold them off, but when his two opponents joined forces he was doomed. By 1838 the Republic had crumbled and by 1840 the last of the forces loyal to Morazn were defeated. The republic sundered, the nations of Central America went down their own paths. Carrera set himself up as president of Guatemala with the support of the Creole landowners. Conservative Presidency: Carrera was a fervent Catholic and ruled accordingly, much like Ecuador’s Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno. He repealed all of Morazn’s anti-clerical legislation, invited the religious orders back, put priests in charge of education and even signed a concordat with the Vatican in 1852, making Guatemala the first breakaway republic in Spanish America to have official diplomatic ties to Rome. The wealthy Creole landowners supported him because he protected their properties, was friendly to the church and controlled the Indian masses. International Policies: Guatemala was the most populous of the Central American Republics, and therefore the strongest and wealthiest. Carrera often meddled in the internal politics of his neighbors, especially when they tried to elect liberal leaders. In Honduras, he installed and supported the conservative regimes of General Francisco Ferrara(1839-1847) and Santos Guardiolo (1856-1862), and in El Salvador he was a huge supporter of Francisco Malespà ­n (1840-1846). In 1863 he invaded El Salvador, which had dared to elect liberal General Gerardo Barrios. Legacy: Rafael Carrera was the greatest of the republican era caudillos, or strongmen. He was rewarded for his staunch conservatism: the Pope awarded him the Order of St. Gregory in 1854, and in 1866 (a year after his death) his face was put on coins with the title: â€Å"Founder of the Republic of Guatemala.† Carrera had a mixed record as President. His greatest achievement was stabilizing the country for decades at a time when chaos and mayhem were the norm in the nations surrounding his. Education improved under the religious orders, roads were built, the national debt was reduced and corruption was (surprisingly) kept to a minimum. Still, like most republican-era dictators, he was a tyrant and despot, who ruled mainly by decree. Freedoms were unknown. Although it is true that Guatemala was stable under his rule, it is also true that he postponed the inevitable growing pains of a young nation and did not allow Guatemala to learn to rule itself. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

Agency Formation and Management Perspective Research Paper

Agency Formation and Management Perspective - Research Paper Example Agents must at all times work as per the instructions of their principals. You have clarified the areas where the law of agency plays critical role. For instance, regulating the principal-agent relationship, the external relationship between the agents and the third parties and the third parties and the principals in case the agents are purporting to deal on their behalf (Munday, 2008). The areas that you have said that the agency relationships are common are very sensitive as well. You have mentioned employment, financial advice and contract negotiation. All of these are very important areas in the economy and since agents are used in most cases, there must be some law so that the agents end up doing according to their principals and also as per the expectations of the third parties. Finally you have brought in the aspect of independent contractors. Like you have said, these play the same role as the agents only that they are used by small businesses. They are independent of the small businesses hence their

ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY - Essay Example Ancient Greek philosophy is a very diverse subject and the scope of this paper is limited to the key aspects focusing on philosophers from the Presocratics to the Neoplatonists. Presocratics Presocratics is a term used to describe philosophers that existed before Socrates. Despite the fact that the ancient Greek society did not primarily use mythological ideas to explain certain events, it is still clear that their logic to some extent was influenced by older wisdom (Anton et al., 20-45). The initial consent of pre-Socratic philosophers was to explain the entire cosmos, with the aim of identifying the underlying principle behind it (Anton et al., 20-30). The Presocratics originated from Western and Eastern Greece, where as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates were from Athens. Presocratics mainly focused on physics, a trait they were acknowledged for over the years. As they were the first philosophers, they strongly objected mythical ideologies emphasizing on rationality of things. Their ma in scientific interests included astronomy, mathematics, and biology (Anton et al., 20-45). Unfortunately, the original evidence of their works is absent. Their ideas and knowledge of their work is derived from proceeding literature such as The Opinions Physicists by Theophratus (Anton et al., 20-45). The first philosophers of this time originated from Ionia and aims of this great the material principle of objects, the reasons for their disappearance and also their origin. It was in this time that Thales of Miletus determined water to be the basis of living things. Other philosophical principles that proceeded include the differentiation between cold and hot, moist and dry which were derived from the principle formulated by Anaximander. Philosophy was however first introduced to everyday life by Pythagoras of Samos. He perceived the world as perfectly harmonious, dependent on number, and encouraged the population to live a life of harmony. Xenophenes of Colophon, also referred to as the father of pantheism, referred to God as an eternal unity governing the daily activities of the world with his thoughts (Anton et al., 20-45). In later years, a materialistic system was formulated by Leucippus and Democritus which involved one of the first doctrines of atoms or indivisible elements. These were assumed to be infinite, in divisible, qualitatively similar and imperishable. They were assumed to move eternally, unite and collide on several occasions. In essence it is clear that the main of objective of these philosophers was to decipher the ultimate basis of nature. In this era, the conception of human knowledge resolved around the philosophers’ theories on the constitution of things. Socrates The era between 469-399 BCE was that of Athenian Socrates (Anton et al., 20-45). Socrates rejected the previous theories formulated by his predecessors, making opinions and thoughts central in his theories. Socrates excessively questioned people on their opinions which i s opposite to the approach that was taken by Sophists, who considered thoughts and beliefs of people as their standard (Kingley, 45-79). Socrates lived in a period of transition from the Athenian hegemony to its defeat in the Peloponessian War by Sparta and its allies (Kingley,

What Is American Federalism Essay Example for Free

What Is American Federalism Essay According to Dye (2011), nations are not truly federal unless both national and subnational governments exercise separate and autonomous authority, both elect their own officials, and both tax their own citizens for the provision of public services (p. 263). American Federalism is just that. In the United States each state has their own government with elected officials, to go even further each town within these states also have their own elected officials. These officials govern these areas the way they see fit, however they each fall under the national government. Dye (2011) goes on to say that federalism requires the powers of the national and subnational governments to be guaranteed by a constitution that cannot be changed without the consent of both national and subnational populations (p. 263), this also is apparent in the United States as well. The founding fathers brought forth this federalist way in order to prevent one entity from having too much power, which in turn would allow the elites to rule over those less privileged and in turn them never having a voice. W/C: 176 When should we use Military Force? A President has a hard decision when it comes to deciding whether or not to use military force. When sending the military into any combat area lives are placed immediately at risk, those soldiers are ready and willing to defend their country however the President must be able to explain why the military is needed and justify why we have suffered wounded and lost lives. (Dye, 2011, p. 289) When deciding whether or not to use military force the president must consider several things. Is the use of military force going to protect vital interests? Does the President have the support of the American people and those in Congress? Is this force in support of important political objectives and lastly is this force in support of the war on terrorism? The commitment of US military force should be a last resort, after political, economic, and diplomatic efforts have been proven ineffective (Dye, 2011, p. 289). W/C: 153 What went wrong in Iraq? According to Dye (2011), The war in Iraq was a preemptive strike against terrorism, consistent with the declarations of the Bush administration about the necessity of fighting terrorists on their own ground rather than on American soil (p. 297). One of the biggest things that went wrong in Iraq was the limited number of troops originally sent in. The reason behind this was due in part to the vision of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to have a lean military force. (Dye, 2011, p. 97) Although the initial wave was able to take over and capture Baghdad, it was not enough to keep the are safe and free from insurgents. With the insurgents on the move the American military force was spread thin and they were not able to hold the cities they had once taken over. supply lines could not be defended and the insurgents quickly learned to plant IEDs-improvised explosive devices-along routes commonly used by the US troops. More casualties were inflicted by these devices than by any other means; the US did not have enough troops to guard supply routes (Dye, 2011, p. 99). Overall it seemed as though poor planning and lack of a vision from Donald Rumsfeld is what led to what went wrong in Iraq. W/C: 207 How do you fight Terrorism with Intelligence? In order to effectively and efficiently fight Terrorism with Intelligence is to have a strong Intelligence Community (IC) in place. According to Dye (2011), a proactive war on terrorism requires the collection, analysis, and dissemination of relevant foreign and domestic information to federal, state, and local government agencies, and to the American people (p. 13). It is up to the several components that make up the Intelligence Community to do just that, they must work together in order to form a cohesive unit and ensure that any information obtained is utilized in a way that will benefit the American people and US soil. In the world today the President relies on the Director of National Intelligence to coordinate and oversee all the functions within the IC, it is the DNI who reports directly to the president and is a member of the National Security Council, the presidents inner cabinet (Dye, 2011, p. 17). W/C: 151 What does it mean when we say the we are using American Troops for Nation Building? This statement comes along with the planning for postwar Iraq. One of the goals of the war was to uncover weapons of mass destruction, unfortunately these items were never found. During the planning phase for postwar Iraq the US had promised to help restore many things such as water, electricity and roads. Due to the US administrator for Iraq Paul Bremmer these things seemed to be out of reach as he began dismissing the entire Iraqi Army and pursued a policy of dismissing virtually all Iraqi managers and technicians (Dye, 2011, p. 299). Due to all of this the US had no choice to both recruit and train a new Army and police force that would serve Iraq, as well they were obliged to bring in contract workers, managers and technicians from the US to help restore all those things that were promised to the Iraqi people. Although the troops came in to fight a war in the end they were there it seemed to help rebuild the Nation.